(519,1,'2013-06-24 12:45:31','2013-06-24 12:45:31','<strong class=\"bbcode bold\">“Each School day 46 children are diagnosed with Cancer”</strong> From Candelighters.org\r\n\r\nTypically, the factors that trigger cancer in children are usually not the same factors that may cause cancer in adults. Rarely, there may be an increased risk of childhood cancer in children who have a genetic condition, such as Down syndrome. Children who have had chemotherapy or radiation treatment for a prior cancer episode may also have an increased risk of cancer. In almost all cases, however, childhood cancers arise from non inherited mutations (or changes) in the genes of growing cells.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/youngpeople\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Young People with Cancer – A Handbook For Parents</strong></a>\r\n\r\nIf you are the parent of a child that has just been diagnosed with Cancer, take a look at this downloadable handbook from the National Cancer Institute. According to NCI -\r\n\r\n“This booklet was reviewed by health professionals and, most important, by parents of children with cancer. Although this booklet does not tell you everything about cancer in children, it is a start, and it directs you to other sources of information.”\r\n<h2>Reliable Links</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.stjude.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\"><strong>St Jude</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em> St. Judes is unlike any other pediatric treatment and research facility anywhere. Discoveries made here have completely changed how the world treats children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. Start by clicking on <em class=\"bbcode italic\">‘patients and parents’ </em>then start with disease fact sheets. The data for some diseases is relatively simple and the pages have a date for updates. Some pages are complicated and hard to understand without a lot of previous knowledge. Information at this site is available in both English and Spanish. Interactive links are more sales tools but ok.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.acco.org/Information/AboutChildhoodCancer/TypesofChildhoodCancer.aspx\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Childhood Cancer Foundation</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em> A very informative site. They have lists of childhood cancer websites that you might find beneficial.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/childhoodcancers\"><strong>National Cancer Institute</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em> This is the US Government site and they have information about Childhood Brain tumors and Acute Myeloid <a id=\"_GPLITA_0\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\" title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"#\">Leukemia treatments</a>. Also available is information related to genetics and Clinical Trials. Information is available in English and Spanish; at the top of the page on the right side you can specify the language you want.\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation</a></strong></div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here: </em>This is a wonderful resource for any parent dealing with a pediatric brain or spinal tumor. Their mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastating disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected. They provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all the issues facing this devastating diagnosis.</div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"></div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.ctf.org/\">Childrens Tumor Foundation</a></strong></div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>What you can find here</em>:  This is more of a specialized site for neurofibromatoses (NF). Their stated mission is (in part) to support persons with NF, their families and caregivers by providing thorough, accurate, current and readily accessible information. If your child was diagnosed with NF this is a reliable resource that you must use.<a href=\"http://www.cancerindex.org/ccw/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Children’s Cancer Web</strong></a><em class=\"bbcode italic\">\r\n</em><em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em> We think this is a British site. Some words are spelled using the British spelling. There is some simple, basic information on this site. Pages are dated with last update. Most pages are dated 2003 or earlier. There are still some useful International links.\r\n\r\n</div>','Childhood Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','49-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 12:45:31','2013-06-24 12:45:31','',49,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/49-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(520,1,'2013-06-24 16:44:53','2013-06-24 16:44:53','<strong class=\"bbcode bold\">“Each School day 46 children are diagnosed with Cancer”</strong> From Candelighters.org\r\n\r\nTypically, the factors that trigger cancer in children are usually not the same factors that may cause cancer in adults. Rarely, there may be an increased risk of childhood cancer in children who have a genetic condition, such as Down syndrome. Children who have had chemotherapy or radiation treatment for a prior cancer episode may also have an increased risk of cancer. In almost all cases, however, childhood cancers arise from non inherited mutations (or changes) in the genes of growing cells.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/youngpeople\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Young People with Cancer – A Handbook For Parents</strong></a>\r\n\r\nIf you are the parent of a child that has just been diagnosed with Cancer, take a look at this downloadable handbook from the National Cancer Institute. According to NCI -\r\n\r\n“This booklet was reviewed by health professionals and, most important, by parents of children with cancer. Although this booklet does not tell you everything about cancer in children, it is a start, and it directs you to other sources of information.”\r\n<h2>Reliable Links</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.stjude.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\"><strong>St Jude</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can find here</strong>\r\n\r\nSt. Judes is unlike any other pediatric treatment and research facility anywhere. Discoveries made here have completely changed how the world treats children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. Start by clicking on <em class=\"bbcode italic\">‘patients and parents’ </em>then start with disease fact sheets. The data for some diseases is relatively simple and the pages have a date for updates. Some pages are complicated and hard to understand without a lot of previous knowledge. Information at this site is available in both English and Spanish. Interactive links are more sales tools but ok.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.acco.org/Information/AboutChildhoodCancer/TypesofChildhoodCancer.aspx\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Childhood Cancer Foundation</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can find here</strong>\r\n\r\nA very informative site. They have lists of childhood cancer websites that you might find beneficial.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/childhoodcancers\"><strong>National Cancer Institute</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis is the US Government site and they have information about Childhood Brain tumors and Acute Myeloid <a id=\"_GPLITA_0\" style=\"text-decoration: underline;\" title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"#\">Leukemia treatments</a>. Also available is information related to genetics and Clinical Trials. Information is available in English and Spanish; at the top of the page on the right side you can specify the language you want.\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation</a></strong></div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>What you can find here</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em class=\"bbcode italic\"></em>This is a wonderful resource for any parent dealing with a pediatric brain or spinal tumor. Their mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastating disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected. They provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all the issues facing this devastating diagnosis.</p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.ctf.org/\">Childrens Tumor Foundation</a></strong></div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>What you can find here</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This is more of a specialized site for neurofibromatoses (NF). Their stated mission is (in part) to support persons with NF, their families and caregivers by providing thorough, accurate, current and readily accessible information. If your child was diagnosed with NF this is a reliable resource that you must use.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http://www.cancerindex.org/ccw/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Children’s Cancer Web</strong></a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>What you can find here</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We think this is a British site. Some words are spelled using the British spelling. There is some simple, basic information on this site. Pages are dated with last update. Most pages are dated 2003 or earlier. There are still some useful International links.</p>','Childhood Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','49-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 16:44:53','2013-06-24 16:44:53','',49,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/49-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(521,1,'2013-06-24 13:11:40','2013-06-24 13:11:40','Below you will find links to web sites and video’s that provide basic information on hereditary cancers, cancer definitions, risk factors, and prevention.\r\n\r\n<span>It is generally accepted that 5-10% of all Cancers are hereditary. According to<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>company that provides a genetic test for Cancer -<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The </span>best time to beat Cancer is before you get it.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>genetic test for Cancer is a simple blood test, however<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>test is expensive. Federal law (passed in 1996) prohibits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>use of genetic testing to inhibit your access to medical insurance. In o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r words, no insurance company can deny you benefits if you carry<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>cancer gene. Genetic discrimination is illegal. Genetic counselors suggest that<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>person already diagnosed with Cancer be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>first one tested.</span>\r\n\r\nReliable Links<strong> </strong>\r\n<a class=\"bbcode\" href=\"http://www.myriadtests.com/\"><strong>Myriad</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\n<span>Myriad laboratory has a decent website for preliminary information. Click on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Inherited Cancer and Genetic Testing links first.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>re is a family history tool that is pretty good. </span><strong class=\"bbcode bold\">Financial</strong><span> help is available from Myriad.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y appear to be very helpful in assisting individuals with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>payment and insurance process.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>support links given are standard and we are in<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>process of evaluating each link. If you have any experience with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se organizations, we’d love some feedback.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>glossary has some definitions you way want to review.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y define terms we have had trouble finding in o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r places.</span>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"bbcode\" href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.com/\"><strong>Cancer Risk Test</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"bbcode italic\">What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\n<span>Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention has created a website that provides an interactive tool to determine your risk of getting cancer. Questionnaire is available in English and Spanish. Documentation says it is more accurate for persons over 40 years old. You need to fill<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> out </span><span>a simple questionnaire for each of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of cancer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site also has a test for risks of heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and stroke.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Risk Factors:</strong> click on Family History for a number of worthwhile topics. <strong class=\"bbcode bold\">Resources &amp; Materials</strong><span> in this section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y have a brochure for colorectal cancer in </span><strong>8</strong> <strong>languages</strong><span>. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk factors section click on vitamins; it is worth reading.</span>\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"bbcode bold\">Genetic Counseling</strong> (Section in process of being updated)\r\n\r\n<!-- var gaJsHost = ((\"https:\" == document.location.protocol) ? \"https://ssl.\" : \"http://www.\"); document.write(unescape(\"%3Cscript src=\'\" + gaJsHost + \"google-analytics.com/ga.js\' type=\'text/javascript\'%3E%3C/script%3E\")); // --><!-- var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker(\"UA-4207576-1\"); pageTracker._initData(); pageTracker._trackPageview(); // -->\r\n\r\n<noscript></noscript><!-- Google Code for Get Cancer info Conversion Page --><!-- var google_conversion_id = 1063970384; var google_conversion_language = \"en_US\"; var google_conversion_format = \"1\"; var google_conversion_color = \"ffff66\"; var google_conversion_label = \"sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM\"; if (2.0) {   var google_conversion_value = 25.0; } // -->','Hereditary Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','53-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 13:11:40','2013-06-24 13:11:40','',53,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/53-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(523,1,'2013-06-24 12:26:07','2013-06-24 12:26:07','For a very good  overview of skin cancer/melanoma, try the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks patient guide. <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/melanoma.pdf\">Here is a quick link</a> and you’ll probably want to start about page 7.\r\n<h2>Pre-Cancers</h2>\r\n- Actinic Keratosis or AK is a very common skin problem that must be treated before it becomes a more serious form of Skin Cancer. For more information try<a href=\"http://www.skincancer.org/actinic-keratosis-and-other-precancers.html\"> this link</a> from the Skin Cancer Foundation.\r\n<h2>Basal Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n- BCC is a non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and the most common skin cancer in the US and the face is the most common place to find basal cell skin cancer.  For a quick over view click on this link at  the <a href=\"http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/basal-cell-carcinoma\">American Academy of Dermatology.</a>  For a more detailed description and treatment options try this link at <a href=\"http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/basal-cell-carcinoma/about-basal-cell-carcinoma\">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a>.\r\n<h2>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\nSquamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be found at the National Library of Medicine, click <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/\">here</a>.\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n\r\n<strong>Try our New American Cancer Fund Sunscreen. Click </strong><a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage_new.tpl&amp;product_id=44\"><strong>here</strong></a><strong> to buy or <a title=\"Oil Free SPF 30 Sunscreen\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/oil-free-spf-30-sunscreen/\">here</a> for more info. Its only $10 and 100% of profits go to fight Cancer. ($3.95 for s&amp;h)</strong>\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n<h2>Understanding Skin Cancer or Melanoma</h2>\r\n<h3></h3>\r\n<h3>Warning signs:</h3>\r\nMoles, brown spots and growths on the skin are usually harmless — but not always. Anyone who has more than 100 moles is at greater risk for melanoma. The first signs can appear in one or more atypical moles. That’s why it’s so important to get to know your skin very well and to recognize any changes in the moles on your body. Look for the <strong>ABCDE</strong>s of melanoma, and if you see one or more, make an appointment with a physician immediately.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/asymmetry.jpg\" />  <strong>A</strong>symmetric:  If you draw a line through this mole, the two halves will not match.\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/border.jpg\" />  <strong>B</strong>order:  The borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped or notched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/color.jpg\" /> <strong>C</strong>olor:  Having a variety of colors is another warning signal. A number of different shades of brown, tan or black could appear. A melanoma may also become red, blue or some other color.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong> <img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/diameter.jpg\" /> D</strong>iameter:  Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser on your pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm), but they may sometimes be smaller when first detected.\r\n\r\n<strong><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/evolving.jpg\" /> E</strong>volving:  Any change — in size, shape, color, elevation, or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching or crusting — points to danger.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer – Melanoma Pix\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/skin-cancer-melanoma-pix/\">More pictures.</a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/skin-cancer/\">Skin Cancer Types</a>','ABC’s of Skin Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','63-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 12:26:07','2013-06-24 12:26:07','',63,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/63-revision-10/',0,'revision','',0),(525,1,'2013-06-20 19:10:53','2013-06-20 19:10:53','Please consider naming American Cancer Fund in your will and using our federal ID number as well. Our FEIN is: 20-3232112. This is a legacy gift that will insure your donation goes exactly where you want it to go. For additional information or help with a bequest, please contact our CFO or Executive Director via the <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/about-american-cancer-fund-cancer-group/count-us?view=message&amp;layout=message&amp;pf=1\">contact us form</a>.\r\n\r\nYou may also reach us via phone at (908)431-9800\r\n\r\nor via US Mail:\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund\r\n\r\nPO Box 7262\r\n\r\nHillsborough, NJ 08844','Bequests','','inherit','open','open','','79-revision-v1','','','2013-06-20 19:10:53','2013-06-20 19:10:53','',79,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/20/79-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(526,1,'2013-06-20 18:17:19','2013-06-20 18:17:19','<strong>Checks</strong> for memorial donations or donations in Honor of someone living should be made out to the <strong>American Cancer Fund </strong>and addressed to:\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund\r\n\r\nPO Box 7262\r\n\r\nHillsborough, NJ 08844\r\n\r\nWhen sending a check, please provide the name and address for notification along with the name of the deceased or person being honored.\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>For a memorial donation, if you tell us the relationship between the recipient and the deceased, we can personalize the note. (For example: This donation is in memory of John Doe. Can you please send an acknowledgement to his wife Maryanne Doe and Family)</li>\r\n	<li>For a donation in honor of someone living,  please provide enough information so that we can write an appropriate personalized note. Examples are, my neighbor Bonnie has just celebrated her 60<sup>th</sup> birthday and I want to honor her. Or, my long time friend has just been promoted to supervisor and I want to congratulate him on the accomplishment.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf you are collecting checks for a memorial, after a funeral, please send the checks as soon as you can. Unfortunately we can NOT accept checks that are over 6 months old.','Mail a check','','inherit','open','open','','85-revision-3','','','2013-06-20 18:17:19','2013-06-20 18:17:19','',85,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/20/85-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(527,1,'2013-06-24 12:43:52','2013-06-24 12:43:52','<h2>American Cancer Fund™ and American Cancer Fund™ for Kids –  Working together with Cars 4 Causes®</h2>\r\n<h3><em>Help Children with life threatening Cancers!</em></h3>\r\n<strong><em>You</em></strong> can help Children through your generous donation. Think of this as Cars for Kids.\r\n\r\nFeel <em><strong>GREAT</strong></em> knowing that your donation will make a difference!\r\n\r\nDonate you Car, Boat, RV, Motorcycle, Farm or Construction Equipment and/or Real Estate and received the best price for your donation.\r\n\r\nFree pick-up of any vehicle – car, suv, motorhome, truck, motorcycle, boat, yacht, RV, snowmobile, tractor, etc. <strong><a href=\"http://www.cars4causes.net/charity-car-donation-american-cancer-fund?_vsrefdom=charity_pages\">Donate you Car now</a>! </strong>Let’s help those kids <strong>now</strong>  with a car for Kids.\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund has joined forces with <strong>Cars 4 Causes®</strong> to streamline the <strong>car donation </strong>process. Cars 4 Causes® can be reached at 888-592-2792 or click on the link below. Either way it takes only a few minutes to donate and help cancer patients of all ages.\r\n\r\nYour donations are tax-deductible to the extent allowed by IRS rulings.\r\n\r\nHere is the link for Cars 4 Causes® - <a href=\"http://www.cars4causes.net/charity-car-donation-american-cancer-fund?_vsrefdom=charity_pages\">Donate Your Car Now</a>!\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cars4causes.net/charity-car-donation-american-cancer-fund?_vsrefdom=charity_pages\"><img alt=\"banner-highres-02_cars 4causes\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/banner-highres-02_cars%204causes.jpg\" width=\"318\" height=\"301\" /></a>\r\n<div></div>','Car Donations','','inherit','open','open','','88-revision-4','','','2013-06-24 12:43:52','2013-06-24 12:43:52','',88,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/88-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(533,1,'2013-07-08 18:59:35','2013-07-08 18:59:35','For a very good  overview of skin cancer/melanoma, try the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks patient guide. <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/melanoma.pdf\">Here is a quick link</a> and you’ll probably want to start about page 7.\r\n<h2>Pre-Cancers</h2>\r\n<strong>Actinic Keratosis</strong> or AK is a very common skin problem that must be treated before it becomes a more serious form of Skin Cancer. For more information try<a href=\"http://www.skincancer.org/actinic-keratosis-and-other-precancers.html\"> this link</a> from the Skin Cancer Foundation.\r\n<h2>Basal Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>BCC</strong> is a non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and the most common skin cancer in the US and the face is the most common place to find basal cell skin cancer.  For a quick over view click on this link at  the <a href=\"http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/basal-cell-carcinoma\">American Academy of Dermatology.</a>  For a more detailed description and treatment options try this link at <a href=\"http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/basal-cell-carcinoma/about-basal-cell-carcinoma\">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a>.\r\n<h2>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>Squamous cell carcinoma</strong> is a type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be found at the National Library of Medicine, click <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/\">here</a>.\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n\r\n<strong>Try our New American Cancer Fund Sunscreen. Click </strong><a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage_new.tpl&amp;product_id=44\"><strong>here</strong></a><strong> to buy or <a title=\"Oil Free SPF 30 Sunscreen\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/oil-free-spf-30-sunscreen/\">here</a> for more info. Its only $12 and 100% of profits go to fight Cancer. ($3.95 for s&amp;h)</strong>\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n<h2>Understanding Skin Cancer or Melanoma</h2>\r\n<h3>Warning signs:</h3>\r\nMoles, brown spots and growths on the skin are usually harmless — but not always. Anyone who has more than 100 moles is at greater risk for melanoma. The first signs can appear in one or more atypical moles. That’s why it’s so important to get to know your skin very well and to recognize any changes in the moles on your body. Look for the <strong>ABCDE</strong>s of melanoma, and if you see one or more, make an appointment with a physician immediately.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/asymmetry.jpg\" />  <strong>A</strong>symmetric:  If you draw a line through this mole, the two halves will not match.\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/border.jpg\" />  <strong>B</strong>order:  The borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped or notched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/color.jpg\" /> <strong>C</strong>olor:  Having a variety of colors is another warning signal. A number of different shades of brown, tan or black could appear. A melanoma may also become red, blue or some other color.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong> <img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/diameter.jpg\" /> D</strong>iameter:  Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser on your pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm), but they may sometimes be smaller when first detected.\r\n\r\n<strong><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/evolving.jpg\" /> E</strong>volving:  Any change — in size, shape, color, elevation, or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching or crusting — points to danger.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer-melanoma-pix/\">More pictures</a>\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer/\">Skin Cancer Types</a>','ABC’s of Skin Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','63-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 18:59:35','2013-07-08 18:59:35','',63,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/63-revision-13/',0,'revision','',0),(534,1,'2013-06-24 16:19:26','2013-06-24 16:19:26','<h2>American Cancer Fund (ACF)™</h2>\r\nshould be your first stop for Cancer information. While numerous organizations provide information on cancer, the American Cancer Fund’s <em><strong>vital difference</strong></em> is our ability to provide you with reliable resources and streamline the process to quickly educate and empower you to cope with cancer, however it affects you. ACF is also part of ACES, another great Cancer Information and healthy living resource. ACES/ACF is a proud member of both the Mercer and Middlesex County Chambers of Commerce, the Somerset County Business Partnership as well as the Hillsborough Economic Business Development Council. Documentation for ACES and ACF can be found at <a href=\"http://www2.guidestar.org/ReportNonProfit.aspx?ein=20-3232112&amp;Mode=Gx&amp;lid=100776176&amp;dl=True\">Guidestar</a>, the federal registry for charities. They have awarded ACES/ACF their highest award,the Exchange Seal and Partners in Trust.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>American Cancer Fund</strong> has been operating continuously since the mid 1970?s. They have worked tirelessly to provide assistance to Cancer patients. The organization was started by transplanted New Yorkers when they moved to Florida and realized that many retirees did not have the funds they needed to pay for serious medical care like Cancer. The founders enlisted family and friends and started chapters (from 1974 – 1976) in Florida, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, California and Arizona. The original goal was to provide some amount of funding and resources to anyone struggling with the big ‘C’. They started their efforts by working with churches and synagogues (of the founders) to find donors so that they could evaluate and really help those in need. The founders reached out to everyone they knew in the garment and plumbing industries as well as lawyers and accountants and asked for donations from every personal connection they made. This model lasted until the 1990?s when most of the original founders passed on leaving a legacy of service to the next generation.\r\n\r\nMost of the patients that received assistance were identified by ‘word of mouth’ (there was no internet in those days and NO twitter), and were assessed by the volunteers from ‘chapters’ that were in cities where the founders had a family or business connection.\r\n\r\nAs the original volunteers passed away, the assistance became more centralized. It wasn’t until the late 1990?s when the next generation decided to restructure and re-evaluate the mission and goals that the current mission was established. American Cancer Fund and American Cancer Educational Services joined forces and refiled as a charity in 2005.\r\n<h2>American Cancer Educational Services (ACES)™</h2>\r\nis a grass roots organization of individuals with family and friends touched by Cancer as well as Cancer survivors. We know that good, simple information is available but hard to find and understand. ACES is a tax-exempt, non profit, 501(C)3 corporation and depends on your support through contributions and various fund raising activities.','About Us','','inherit','open','open','','9-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 16:19:26','2013-06-24 16:19:26','',9,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/9-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(535,1,'2013-06-21 14:59:53','2013-06-21 14:59:53','The American Cancer Fund™ (ACF) is an organization dedicated to the education, support and empowerment of those diagnosed with Cancer by organizing and clarifying information. We elevate the level of understanding of Cancer.\r\n\r\nACF provides free clear, independent information and research to enable patients and their families to make smarter choices for Cancer treatment with an emphasis on dignity, functionality and cure.\r\n<h2>We Inform, You Decide!</h2>\r\nCancer education is among the most important facets of surviving cancer. An individual who has been given a diagnosis of cancer and provided with information such as stage and possible treatment options desperately needs additional facts in order to make an educated, empowered decision.\r\n<h2>Among some of the questions that must be answers are:</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>What does it mean to be at stage….?</li>\r\n	<li>Do I need a second opinion?</li>\r\n	<li>Is there more than one treatment option?</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThough the patient’s physician may make every effort to offer answers to offer answers to these questions, more often than not the patient is not able to hear the physician’s information. Shock, disbelief, grief, and anger among other emotions take the place of rational thought when confronted with this diagnosis. Further, individuals have different learning styles an needs. Some learn by listening, others by reading, while others learn by talking things out. Some individuals can handle medical terms and concepts, while others must be provided the information in very basic language.\r\n\r\nRegardless of how an individual receives and processes the information provided, the critical aspect is that the information be easily accessible, be offered repeatedly, and at the level at which the patient can grasp it. Cancer, much like any other serious medical condition, does not afford the patient the luxury of misinformation. We seek to eliminate misinformation by doing the research for the patient; seeks to decrease the precious time wasted in research and data collection by providing a clear understandable source of information; seeks to offer comfort and support by ensuring that the information provided is useful and offered in a caring respectful manner.','Our Mission','','inherit','open','open','','370-revision-v1','','','2013-06-21 14:59:53','2013-06-21 14:59:53','',370,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/21/370-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(536,1,'2013-07-08 16:09:51','2013-07-08 20:09:51','[image url=\"/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cancer101.jpg\" title=\"Cancer 101\" raw=\"true\" alignment=\"center\" margin_left=\"0\" margin_right=\"0\" margin_top=\"0\" margin_bottom=\"20\" shadow=\"7\" width=\"640\" height=\"229\"]\r\n<h2>Cancer and Water bottles</h2>\r\n<h3>Email Hoax Regarding Freezing Water Bottles and Microwave Cooking</h3>\r\nThe Internet is flooded with messages warning against freezing water in plastic bottles or cooking with plastics in the microwave oven. These messages, frequently titled “Johns Hopkins Cancer News” or “Johns Hopkins Cancer Update,” are falsely attributed to Johns Hopkins and they do not endorse their content.\r\n<h3>Freezing water does not cause the release of chemicals from plastic bottles.</h3>\r\nIn general, it is best to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when using any plastic products. When cooking with plastics, only use those plastic containers, wraps, bags and utensils for their intended purposes.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has some helpful guidelines for cooking with plastics in microwave ovens. <a href=\"http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Cooking_Safely_in_the_Microwave/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here</a>.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Read the response from Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/cancer_email\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center responds to questions about cancer-related hoax emails</a> regarding cancer and water bottles.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Addition information about chemicals and water bottles\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/articles/2008/goldman_schwab_bpa.html\">Additional information about chemicals, cancer and water bottles</a>\r\n\r\n<em> Public Affairs media contact for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Tim Parsons</em> <em>at 410-955-6878</em> or <em><em><a href=\"mailto:paffairs@jhsph.edu\">paffairs@jhsph.edu</a></em>.</em>','Cancer and Water Bottles','','publish','open','open','','cancer-and-water-bottles','','','2013-09-03 14:52:18','2013-09-03 18:52:18','',17,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/?page_id=536',0,'page','',0),(537,1,'2013-07-08 16:09:42','2013-07-08 20:09:42','<h2>Cancer and Waterbottles</h2>\n<h3>Email Hoax Regarding Freezing Water Bottles and Microwave Cooking</h3>\nThe Internet is flooded with messages warning against freezing water in plastic bottles or cooking with plastics in the microwave oven. These messages, frequently titled “Johns Hopkins Cancer News” or “Johns Hopkins Cancer Update,” are falsely attributed to Johns Hopkins and they do not endorse their content.\n<h3>Freezing water does not cause the release of chemicals from plastic bottles.</h3>\nIn general, it is best to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when using any plastic products. When cooking with plastics, only use those plastic containers, wraps, bags and utensils for their intended purposes.\n\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has some helpful guidelines for cooking with plastics in microwave ovens. <a href=\"http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Cooking_Safely_in_the_Microwave/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here</a>.\n\n<a title=\"Read the response from Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/cancer_email\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center responds to questions about cancer-related hoax emails</a>\n\n<a title=\"Addition information about chemicals and water bottles\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/articles/2008/goldman_schwab_bpa.html\">Additional information about chemicals and water bottles</a>\n\n<em> Public Affairs media contact for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Tim Parsons</em> <em>at 410-955-6878</em> or <em><em><a href=\"mailto:paffairs@jhsph.edu\">paffairs@jhsph.edu</a></em>.</em>','Cancer and Water Bottles','','inherit','open','open','','536-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 16:09:42','2013-07-08 20:09:42','',536,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/536-revision/',0,'revision','',0),(540,1,'2013-07-15 15:29:53','2013-07-15 19:29:53','<h2>Cancer and Water bottles</h2>\n<h3>Email Hoax Regarding Freezing Water Bottles and Microwave Cooking</h3>\nThe Internet is flooded with messages warning against freezing water in plastic bottles or cooking with plastics in the microwave oven. These messages, frequently titled “Johns Hopkins Cancer News” or “Johns Hopkins Cancer Update,” are falsely attributed to Johns Hopkins and they do not endorse their content.\n<h3>Freezing water does not cause the release of chemicals from plastic bottles.</h3>\nIn general, it is best to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when using any plastic products. When cooking with plastics, only use those plastic containers, wraps, bags and utensils for their intended purposes.\n\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has some helpful guidelines for cooking with plastics in microwave ovens. <a href=\"http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Cooking_Safely_in_the_Microwave/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here</a>.\n\n<a title=\"Read the response from Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/cancer_email\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center responds to questions about cancer-related hoax emails</a>\n\n<a title=\"Addition information about chemicals and water bottles\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/articles/2008/goldman_schwab_bpa.html\">Additional information about chemicals, cancer and water bottles</a>\n\n<em> Public Affairs media contact for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Tim Parsons</em> <em>at 410-955-6878</em> or <em><em><a href=\"mailto:paffairs@jhsph.edu\">paffairs@jhsph.edu</a></em>.</em>','Cancer and Water Bottles','','inherit','open','open','','536-autosave-v1','','','2013-07-15 15:29:53','2013-07-15 19:29:53','',536,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/536-autosave/',0,'revision','',0),(541,1,'2013-07-08 16:16:40','2013-07-08 20:16:40','<h2>Cancer and Waterbottles</h2>\r\n<h3>Email Hoax Regarding Freezing Water Bottles and Microwave Cooking</h3>\r\nThe Internet is flooded with messages warning against freezing water in plastic bottles or cooking with plastics in the microwave oven. These messages, frequently titled “Johns Hopkins Cancer News” or “Johns Hopkins Cancer Update,” are falsely attributed to Johns Hopkins and they do not endorse their content.\r\n<h3>Freezing water does not cause the release of chemicals from plastic bottles.</h3>\r\nIn general, it is best to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when using any plastic products. When cooking with plastics, only use those plastic containers, wraps, bags and utensils for their intended purposes.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has some helpful guidelines for cooking with plastics in microwave ovens. <a href=\"http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Cooking_Safely_in_the_Microwave/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Click here</a>.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Read the response from Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/cancer_email\" target=\"_blank\">Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center responds to questions about cancer-related hoax emails</a>\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Addition information about chemicals and water bottles\" href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/articles/2008/goldman_schwab_bpa.html\">Additional information about chemicals and water bottles</a>\r\n\r\n<em> Public Affairs media contact for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Tim Parsons</em> <em>at 410-955-6878</em> or <em><em><a href=\"mailto:paffairs@jhsph.edu\">paffairs@jhsph.edu</a></em>.</em>','Cancer and Water Bottles','','inherit','open','open','','536-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 16:16:40','2013-07-08 20:16:40','',536,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/536-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(542,1,'2013-07-08 16:21:27','2013-07-08 20:21:27','[image url=\"/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cancer101.jpg\" title=\"Cancer 101\" raw=\"true\" alignment=\"center\" margin_left=\"0\" margin_right=\"0\" margin_top=\"0\" margin_bottom=\"20\" shadow=\"7\" width=\"640\" height=\"229\"]\r\n<h2>Cancer and Cell Phones</h2>\r\n<strong>Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risk</strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Latest research report on Cell Phones and Cancer</strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/051810/page10\">Click here</a></strong>\r\n<h3><strong>Why is there concern that cellular telephones may cause cancer?</strong></h3>\r\nThere are three main reasons why people are concerned that cellular telephones (also known as “wireless” or “mobile” telephones) may cause certain types of cancer.\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy (radio waves), which is a form of radiation and is under investigation for its effects on the human body (1).</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone technology is relatively new and is still changing, so there are few long-term studies of the effects of RF energy from cellular telephones on the human body (1).</li>\r\n	<li>The number of cellular telephone users has increased rapidly. As of December 2007, there were more than 255 million subscribers to cellular telephone service in the United States, according to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA). This is an increase from 110 million users in 2000 and 208 million users in 2005.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nFor these reasons, it is important to learn whether RF energy from cellular telephones affects human health.<a name=\"2\"></a>\r\n<h3>What is RF energy and how can it affect the body?</h3>\r\nRF energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.\r\n\r\nElectromagnetic radiation can be divided into two types: ionizing (high-frequency) and non-ionizing (low-frequency) (2). RF energy is a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Ionizing radiation, such as that produced by x-raymachines, can pose a cancer risk at high levels of exposure. However, it is not known whether the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cellular telephones is associated with cancer risk (2).\r\n\r\nStudies suggest that the amount of RF energy produced by cellular phones is too low to produce significant tissue heating or an increase in body temperature. However, more research is needed to determine what effects, if any, low-level non-ionizing RF energy has on the body and whether it poses a health danger (2).\r\n<h3>How is a cellular telephone user exposed to RF energy?</h3>\r\nA cellular telephone’s main source of RF energy is produced through its antenna. The antenna of a hand-held cellular telephone is in the handset, which is typically held against the side of the head when the telephone is in use. The closer the antenna is to the head, the greater a person’s expected exposure is to RF energy. The amount of RF energy absorbed by a person decreases significantly with increasing distance between the antenna and the user. The intensity of RF energy emitted by a cellular telephone depends on the level of the signal sent to or from the nearest base station (1).\r\n\r\nWhen a call is placed from a cellular telephone, a signal is sent from the antenna of the phone to the nearest base station antenna. The base station routes the call through a switching center, where the call can be transferred to another cellular telephone, another base station, or to the local land-line telephone system. The farther a cellular telephone is from the base station antenna, the higher the power level needed to maintain the connection. This distance determines, in part, the amount of RF energy exposure to the user.\r\n<h3>What determines how much RF energy a cellular telephone user experiences?</h3>\r\nA cellular telephone user’s level of exposure to RF energy depends on several factors, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>the number and duration of calls</li>\r\n	<li>the amount of cellular telephone traffic at a given time</li>\r\n	<li>the distance from the nearest cellular base station</li>\r\n	<li>the quality of the cellular transmissions</li>\r\n	<li>how far the antenna is extended</li>\r\n	<li>the size of the handset</li>\r\n	<li>whether or not a hands-free device is used</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3>What parts of the body may be affected during cellular telephone use?</h3>\r\nThere is concern that RF energy produced by cellular phones may affect the brain and nervous system tissue in the head because hand-held cellular telephones are usually held close to the head. Researchers have focused on whether RF energy can cause malignant (cancerous) brain tumors such as gliomas (cancers of the brain that begin in glial cells, which surround and support the nerve cells), as well as benign (noncancerous) tumors, such as acoustic neuromas (tumors that arise in the cells of the nerve that supplies the ear) and meningiomas (tumors that occur in the meninges, which are the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord) (1). The salivary glands also may be exposed to RF energy from cellular phones held close to the head.<strong></strong>\r\n\r\nWhat studies have been done and what do they show?\r\n\r\nNumerous studies have investigated the relationship between cellular telephone use and the risk of developing brain cancer, but results from long-term studies are still limited.\r\n\r\nSeveral studies have investigated the risk of developing three types of brain tumors, namely glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma. Results from the majority of these studies have found no association between hand-held cellular telephone use and the risk of brain cancer (3–8); however, some, but not all, long-term studies have suggested slightly increased risks for certain types of brain tumors (9, 10). Further evaluation of long-term exposures (more than 10 years) is needed.\r\n\r\nA series of multinational case-control studies (comparing individuals who have a disease or condition [case subjects] with a similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition [control subjects]), collectively known as the INTERPHONE study, are being coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (11). The primary objective of these studies is to assess whether RF energy exposure from cellular telephones is associated with an increased risk of malignant or benign brain tumors and other head and neck tumors. Participating countries include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (12). Several reports describing data from individual countries have been published independently by researchers involved in the INTERPHONE study; however, these reports represent only a portion of the entire INTERPHONE dataset. The combined INTERPHONE analysis is underway and will provide more comprehensive and stable risk estimates than analyses from the individual countries.\r\n\r\nTwo reports published in November 2004 by researchers from individual countries that are participating in the INTERPHONE study described results of assessments of cellular telephone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. One report described a Danish case-control study that showed no increased risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term (10 years or more) cellular telephone users compared with short-term users, and there was no increase in the incidence of tumors on the side of the head where the phone was usually held (13). The other report described a Swedish study that examined similar populations and found a slightly elevated risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term cellular telephone users but not in short-term users (14).\r\n\r\nA pooled analysis of data from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom did not find relationships between the risk of acoustic neuroma and the duration of cell phone use, cumulative hours of use, or number of calls; however, the risk of a tumor on the same side of the head as the reported phone use was higher among persons who had used a cell phone for 10 years or more (9).\r\n\r\nOther reports from the Danish and Swedish researchers who are collaborating in the INTERPHONE study investigated whether a relationship exists between cellular telephone use and the risk of meningioma or glioma. These studies from Denmark and Sweden compared individuals with meningioma or glioma with acontrol group of disease-free individuals and found no link between these conditions and cellular telephone use (15, 16).\r\n\r\nPooled analyses of data from four Nordic countries and the United Kingdom did not show overall associations between the risk of glioma or meningioma and the cumulative hours of cell phone use or the number of calls (17, 18). There was a slightly increased risk of glioma occurring on the same side of the head as the reported phone use among persons who used a cell phone for at least 10 years (17).\r\n\r\nIn an attempt to avoid the issue of biases associated with case-control studies, investigators defined a cohort of 420,095 persons in Denmark with cellular phone subscriptions and linked this roster with the Danish Cancer Registry to identify brain tumors occurring in this population (7, 8). Cellular phone use was not associated with glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, even among persons who had been subscribers for 10 or more years. This type of prospective study has the advantage of not having to rely on peoples’ ability to remember past cellular phone use.\r\n\r\nIncidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute have shown no increase between 1987 and 2005 in the age-adjusted incidence of brain or other nervous system cancers despite the dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones (19).\r\n\r\nThere are very few studies of the possible relationship between cell phone use and tumors other than those of the brain and central nervous system (20–23).\r\n<h3>Why are the results of the studies inconsistent?</h3>\r\nThere are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (1). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\r\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (1).</li>\r\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (24, 25). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\r\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (1).\r\n<h3>Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cellular telephone use than adults?</h3>\r\nThere are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (1). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.\r\n<h3>What can cellular telephone users do to reduce their exposure to RF energy?</h3>\r\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\r\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (2). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\r\n<h3><a name=\"1\"></a>Where can I find more information about RF energy exposure?</h3>\r\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.\r\n<h3><a name=\"11\"></a>What are other sources of RF energy?</h3>\r\nThe most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (2). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (1). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (2).\r\n\r\n<strong></strong>Selected References\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r1\" name=\"r1\"></a>Ahlbom A, Green A, Kheifets L, Savitz D, Swerdlow A. Epidemiology of health effects on radiofrequency exposure. <em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em> 2004; 112(17): 1741–1754.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r2\" name=\"r2\"></a>Food and Drug Administration (2003). <em>Cell Phone Facts: Consumer Information on Wireless Phones</em>. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.fda.gov/cellphones.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r3\" name=\"r3\"></a>Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em> 2001; 344(2):79–86.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r4\" name=\"r4\"></a>Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: Case-control study. <em>British Medical Journal </em>2006; 332(7546):883–887.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r5\" name=\"r5\"></a>Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Tynes T. Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours. <em>European Journal of Cancer Prevention</em> 2007; 16(2):158–164.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r6\" name=\"r6\"></a>Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, et al. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: A case-control study. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2008; 98(3):652–659.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r7\" name=\"r7\"></a>Johansen C, Boice Jr. JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Cellular telephones and cancer: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2001; 93(3):203–207.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r8\" name=\"r8\"></a>Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, et al. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2006; 98(23): 1707–1713.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r9\" name=\"r9\"></a>Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2005; 93(7):842–848.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r10\" name=\"r10\"></a>Hours M, Bernard M, Montestrucq L, et al. [Cell phones and risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: The French INTERPHONE case-control study.]<em>Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique </em>2007; 55(5):321–332.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r11\" name=\"r11\"></a>Cardis E, Richardson L, Deltour I, et al. The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population.<em>European Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2007; 22(9):647–664.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r12\" name=\"r12\"></a>International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004). <em>The INTERPHONE Study</em>. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.iarc.fr/en/Research-Groups/Clusters-Groups/Biostatistics-and-Epidemiology-Cluster/Radiation-Group/The-INTERPHONE-Study.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r13\" name=\"r13\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2004; 159(3):277–283.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r14\" name=\"r14\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>Epidemiology</em> 2004; 15(6):653–659.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r15\" name=\"r15\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: A population-based, incident case-control study.<em>Neurology</em> 2005; 64(7):1189–1195.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r16\" name=\"r16\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M, Swedish Interphone Study Group. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 161(6):526–535.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r17\" name=\"r17\"></a>Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in five North European countries. <em>International Journal of Cancer</em>2007; 120(8):1769–1775.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r18\" name=\"r18\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Raitanen J, et al. Meningioma and mobile phone use–a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries.<em>International Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; August 2 [Epub ahead of print].</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r19\" name=\"r19\"></a>Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al (2007). <em>SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2005</em>. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: <a href=\"http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005\">http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005</a>.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r20\" name=\"r20\"></a>Stang A, Anastassiou G, Ahrens W, et al. The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma.<em>Epidemiology</em> 2001; 12(1):7–12.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r21\" name=\"r21\"></a>Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, et al. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. <em>International Journal of Cance</em>r 2006; 119(10):2382–2388.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r22\" name=\"r22\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2006; 164(7):637–643.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r23\" name=\"r23\"></a>Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Jarus-Hakak A, et al. Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors–a nationwide case-control study. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; 167(4):457–467.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r24\" name=\"r24\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Auvinen A. Selection bias due to differential participation in a case-control study of mobile phone use and brain tumors. <em>Annals of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 15(5):321–325.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r25\" name=\"r25\"></a>Vrijheid M, Deltour I, Krewski D, Sanchez M, Cardis E. The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. <em>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</em> 2006; 16(4):371–384.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n# # #\r\n\r\nArticle from the National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet (rev 9/2008)\r\n\r\nRelated NCI materials and Web pages:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet 3.46, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\"><em>Magnetic Field Exposure and Cancer: Questions and Answers</em></a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields</a>)</li>\r\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">Cancer Causes and Risk Factors Home Page</a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes</a>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nFor more help, contact:\r\n\r\n<dl><dd>NCI’s Cancer Information ServiceTelephone (toll-free): 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)TTY (toll-free): 1-800-332-8615<em>LiveHelp</em><sup>®</sup> online chat: https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp </dd></dl>There are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\r\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).</li>\r\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r24\">24</a>, <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r25\">25</a>). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\r\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).There are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\r\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\r\n\r\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.The most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>).\r\n<h3>Additional Key Points</h3>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy, which is another name for radio waves</li>\r\n	<li>Exposure to high levels of RF energy can heat body tissue, but RF energy exposures from cellular telephones are too low to cause significant tissue heating.</li>\r\n	<li>Concerns have been raised that RF energy from cellular telephones may pose a cancer risk to users.</li>\r\n	<li>Researchers are studying tumors of the brain and central nervous system (CNS) and other sites of the head and neck because cellular telephones are held next to the head when used.</li>\r\n	<li>Studies have not shown any consistent link between cellular telephone use and cancer, but scientists feel that additional research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.</li>\r\n</ul>','Cancer and Cell Phones','','publish','open','open','','cancer-and-cell-phones','','','2013-09-03 14:51:58','2013-09-03 18:51:58','',17,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/?page_id=542',0,'page','',0),(543,1,'2013-07-08 16:20:58','2013-07-08 20:20:58','','Cancer and Cell Phones','','inherit','open','open','','542-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 16:20:58','2013-07-08 20:20:58','',542,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/542-revision/',0,'revision','',0),(544,1,'2013-08-14 13:32:58','2013-08-14 17:32:58','<h2>Cancer and Cell Phones</h2>\n<strong>Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risk</strong>\n\n<strong>Latest research report on Cell Phones and Cancer</strong>\n\n<strong><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/051810/page10\">Click here</a></strong>\n<h3><strong>Why is there concern that cellular telephones may cause cancer?</strong></h3>\nThere are three main reasons why people are concerned that cellular telephones (also known as “wireless” or “mobile” telephones) may cause certain types of cancer.\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy (radio waves), which is a form of radiation and is under investigation for its effects on the human body (1).</li>\n	<li>Cellular telephone technology is relatively new and is still changing, so there are few long-term studies of the effects of RF energy from cellular telephones on the human body (1).</li>\n	<li>The number of cellular telephone users has increased rapidly. As of December 2007, there were more than 255 million subscribers to cellular telephone service in the United States, according to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA). This is an increase from 110 million users in 2000 and 208 million users in 2005.</li>\n</ul>\nFor these reasons, it is important to learn whether RF energy from cellular telephones affects human health.<a name=\"2\"></a>\n<h3>What is RF energy and how can it affect the body?</h3>\nRF energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.\n\nElectromagnetic radiation can be divided into two types: ionizing (high-frequency) and non-ionizing (low-frequency) (2). RF energy is a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Ionizing radiation, such as that produced by x-raymachines, can pose a cancer risk at high levels of exposure. However, it is not known whether the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cellular telephones is associated with cancer risk (2).\n\nStudies suggest that the amount of RF energy produced by cellular phones is too low to produce significant tissue heating or an increase in body temperature. However, more research is needed to determine what effects, if any, low-level non-ionizing RF energy has on the body and whether it poses a health danger (2).\n<h3>How is a cellular telephone user exposed to RF energy?</h3>\nA cellular telephone’s main source of RF energy is produced through its antenna. The antenna of a hand-held cellular telephone is in the handset, which is typically held against the side of the head when the telephone is in use. The closer the antenna is to the head, the greater a person’s expected exposure is to RF energy. The amount of RF energy absorbed by a person decreases significantly with increasing distance between the antenna and the user. The intensity of RF energy emitted by a cellular telephone depends on the level of the signal sent to or from the nearest base station (1).\n\nWhen a call is placed from a cellular telephone, a signal is sent from the antenna of the phone to the nearest base station antenna. The base station routes the call through a switching center, where the call can be transferred to another cellular telephone, another base station, or to the local land-line telephone system. The farther a cellular telephone is from the base station antenna, the higher the power level needed to maintain the connection. This distance determines, in part, the amount of RF energy exposure to the user.\n<h3>What determines how much RF energy a cellular telephone user experiences?</h3>\nA cellular telephone user’s level of exposure to RF energy depends on several factors, including:\n<ul>\n	<li>the number and duration of calls</li>\n	<li>the amount of cellular telephone traffic at a given time</li>\n	<li>the distance from the nearest cellular base station</li>\n	<li>the quality of the cellular transmissions</li>\n	<li>how far the antenna is extended</li>\n	<li>the size of the handset</li>\n	<li>whether or not a hands-free device is used</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>What parts of the body may be affected during cellular telephone use?</h3>\nThere is concern that RF energy produced by cellular phones may affect the brain and nervous system tissue in the head because hand-held cellular telephones are usually held close to the head. Researchers have focused on whether RF energy can cause malignant (cancerous) brain tumors such as gliomas (cancers of the brain that begin in glial cells, which surround and support the nerve cells), as well as benign (noncancerous) tumors, such as acoustic neuromas (tumors that arise in the cells of the nerve that supplies the ear) and meningiomas (tumors that occur in the meninges, which are the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord) (1). The salivary glands also may be exposed to RF energy from cellular phones held close to the head.<strong></strong>\n\nWhat studies have been done and what do they show?\n\nNumerous studies have investigated the relationship between cellular telephone use and the risk of developing brain cancer, but results from long-term studies are still limited.\n\nSeveral studies have investigated the risk of developing three types of brain tumors, namely glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma. Results from the majority of these studies have found no association between hand-held cellular telephone use and the risk of brain cancer (3–8); however, some, but not all, long-term studies have suggested slightly increased risks for certain types of brain tumors (9, 10). Further evaluation of long-term exposures (more than 10 years) is needed.\n\nA series of multinational case-control studies (comparing individuals who have a disease or condition [case subjects] with a similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition [control subjects]), collectively known as the INTERPHONE study, are being coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (11). The primary objective of these studies is to assess whether RF energy exposure from cellular telephones is associated with an increased risk of malignant or benign brain tumors and other head and neck tumors. Participating countries include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (12). Several reports describing data from individual countries have been published independently by researchers involved in the INTERPHONE study; however, these reports represent only a portion of the entire INTERPHONE dataset. The combined INTERPHONE analysis is underway and will provide more comprehensive and stable risk estimates than analyses from the individual countries.\n\nTwo reports published in November 2004 by researchers from individual countries that are participating in the INTERPHONE study described results of assessments of cellular telephone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. One report described a Danish case-control study that showed no increased risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term (10 years or more) cellular telephone users compared with short-term users, and there was no increase in the incidence of tumors on the side of the head where the phone was usually held (13). The other report described a Swedish study that examined similar populations and found a slightly elevated risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term cellular telephone users but not in short-term users (14).\n\nA pooled analysis of data from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom did not find relationships between the risk of acoustic neuroma and the duration of cell phone use, cumulative hours of use, or number of calls; however, the risk of a tumor on the same side of the head as the reported phone use was higher among persons who had used a cell phone for 10 years or more (9).\n\nOther reports from the Danish and Swedish researchers who are collaborating in the INTERPHONE study investigated whether a relationship exists between cellular telephone use and the risk of meningioma or glioma. These studies from Denmark and Sweden compared individuals with meningioma or glioma with acontrol group of disease-free individuals and found no link between these conditions and cellular telephone use (15, 16).\n\nPooled analyses of data from four Nordic countries and the United Kingdom did not show overall associations between the risk of glioma or meningioma and the cumulative hours of cell phone use or the number of calls (17, 18). There was a slightly increased risk of glioma occurring on the same side of the head as the reported phone use among persons who used a cell phone for at least 10 years (17).\n\nIn an attempt to avoid the issue of biases associated with case-control studies, investigators defined a cohort of 420,095 persons in Denmark with cellular phone subscriptions and linked this roster with the Danish Cancer Registry to identify brain tumors occurring in this population (7, 8). Cellular phone use was not associated with glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, even among persons who had been subscribers for 10 or more years. This type of prospective study has the advantage of not having to rely on peoples’ ability to remember past cellular phone use.\n\nIncidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute have shown no increase between 1987 and 2005 in the age-adjusted incidence of brain or other nervous system cancers despite the dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones (19).\n\nThere are very few studies of the possible relationship between cell phone use and tumors other than those of the brain and central nervous system (20–23).\n<h3>Why are the results of the studies inconsistent?</h3>\nThere are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (1). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (1).</li>\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (24, 25). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\n</ul>\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (1).\n<h3>Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cellular telephone use than adults?</h3>\nThere are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (1). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.\n<h3>What can cellular telephone users do to reduce their exposure to RF energy?</h3>\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\n</ul>\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (2). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\n<h3><a name=\"1\"></a>Where can I find more information about RF energy exposure?</h3>\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.\n<h3><a name=\"11\"></a>What are other sources of RF energy?</h3>\nThe most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (2). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (1). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (2).\n\n<strong></strong>Selected References\n<ol>\n	<li><a id=\"r1\" name=\"r1\"></a>Ahlbom A, Green A, Kheifets L, Savitz D, Swerdlow A. Epidemiology of health effects on radiofrequency exposure. <em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em> 2004; 112(17): 1741–1754.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r2\" name=\"r2\"></a>Food and Drug Administration (2003). <em>Cell Phone Facts: Consumer Information on Wireless Phones</em>. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.fda.gov/cellphones.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r3\" name=\"r3\"></a>Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em> 2001; 344(2):79–86.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r4\" name=\"r4\"></a>Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: Case-control study. <em>British Medical Journal </em>2006; 332(7546):883–887.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r5\" name=\"r5\"></a>Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Tynes T. Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours. <em>European Journal of Cancer Prevention</em> 2007; 16(2):158–164.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r6\" name=\"r6\"></a>Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, et al. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: A case-control study. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2008; 98(3):652–659.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r7\" name=\"r7\"></a>Johansen C, Boice Jr. JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Cellular telephones and cancer: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2001; 93(3):203–207.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r8\" name=\"r8\"></a>Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, et al. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2006; 98(23): 1707–1713.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r9\" name=\"r9\"></a>Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2005; 93(7):842–848.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r10\" name=\"r10\"></a>Hours M, Bernard M, Montestrucq L, et al. [Cell phones and risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: The French INTERPHONE case-control study.]<em>Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique </em>2007; 55(5):321–332.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r11\" name=\"r11\"></a>Cardis E, Richardson L, Deltour I, et al. The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population.<em>European Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2007; 22(9):647–664.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r12\" name=\"r12\"></a>International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004). <em>The INTERPHONE Study</em>. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.iarc.fr/en/Research-Groups/Clusters-Groups/Biostatistics-and-Epidemiology-Cluster/Radiation-Group/The-INTERPHONE-Study.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r13\" name=\"r13\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2004; 159(3):277–283.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r14\" name=\"r14\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>Epidemiology</em> 2004; 15(6):653–659.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r15\" name=\"r15\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: A population-based, incident case-control study.<em>Neurology</em> 2005; 64(7):1189–1195.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r16\" name=\"r16\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M, Swedish Interphone Study Group. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 161(6):526–535.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r17\" name=\"r17\"></a>Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in five North European countries. <em>International Journal of Cancer</em>2007; 120(8):1769–1775.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r18\" name=\"r18\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Raitanen J, et al. Meningioma and mobile phone use–a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries.<em>International Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; August 2 [Epub ahead of print].</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r19\" name=\"r19\"></a>Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al (2007). <em>SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2005</em>. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: <a href=\"http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005\">http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005</a>.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r20\" name=\"r20\"></a>Stang A, Anastassiou G, Ahrens W, et al. The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma.<em>Epidemiology</em> 2001; 12(1):7–12.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r21\" name=\"r21\"></a>Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, et al. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. <em>International Journal of Cance</em>r 2006; 119(10):2382–2388.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r22\" name=\"r22\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2006; 164(7):637–643.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r23\" name=\"r23\"></a>Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Jarus-Hakak A, et al. Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors–a nationwide case-control study. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; 167(4):457–467.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r24\" name=\"r24\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Auvinen A. Selection bias due to differential participation in a case-control study of mobile phone use and brain tumors. <em>Annals of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 15(5):321–325.</li>\n	<li><a id=\"r25\" name=\"r25\"></a>Vrijheid M, Deltour I, Krewski D, Sanchez M, Cardis E. The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. <em>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</em> 2006; 16(4):371–384.</li>\n</ol>\n# # #\n\nArticle from the National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet (rev 9/2008)\n\nRelated NCI materials and Web pages:\n<ul>\n	<li>National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet 3.46, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\"><em>Magnetic Field Exposure and Cancer: Questions and Answers</em></a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields</a>)</li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">Cancer Causes and Risk Factors Home Page</a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes</a>)</li>\n</ul>\nFor more help, contact:\n\n<dl><dd>NCI’s Cancer Information ServiceTelephone (toll-free): 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)TTY (toll-free): 1-800-332-8615<em>LiveHelp</em><sup>®</sup> online chat: https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp </dd></dl>There are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).</li>\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r24\">24</a>, <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r25\">25</a>). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\n</ul>\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).There are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\n</ul>\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\n\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.The most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>).\n<h3>Additional Key Points</h3>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy, which is another name for radio waves</li>\n	<li>Exposure to high levels of RF energy can heat body tissue, but RF energy exposures from cellular telephones are too low to cause significant tissue heating.</li>\n	<li>Concerns have been raised that RF energy from cellular telephones may pose a cancer risk to users.</li>\n	<li>Researchers are studying tumors of the brain and central nervous system (CNS) and other sites of the head and neck because cellular telephones are held next to the head when used.</li>\n	<li>Studies have not shown any consistent link between cellular telephone use and cancer, but scientists feel that additional research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.</li>\n</ul>','Cancer and Cell Phones','','inherit','open','open','','542-autosave-v1','','','2013-08-14 13:32:58','2013-08-14 17:32:58','',542,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/542-autosave/',0,'revision','',0),(545,1,'2013-07-08 16:21:27','2013-07-08 20:21:27','<h2>Cancer and Cellphones</h2>\r\n<strong>Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risk</strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Latest research report on Cell Phones and Cancer</strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin/051810/page10\">Click here</a></strong>\r\n<h3><strong>Why is there concern that cellular telephones may cause cancer?</strong></h3>\r\nThere are three main reasons why people are concerned that cellular telephones (also known as “wireless” or “mobile” telephones) may cause certain types of cancer.\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy (radio waves), which is a form of radiation and is under investigation for its effects on the human body (1).</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone technology is relatively new and is still changing, so there are few long-term studies of the effects of RF energy from cellular telephones on the human body (1).</li>\r\n	<li>The number of cellular telephone users has increased rapidly. As of December 2007, there were more than 255 million subscribers to cellular telephone service in the United States, according to the Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA). This is an increase from 110 million users in 2000 and 208 million users in 2005.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nFor these reasons, it is important to learn whether RF energy from cellular telephones affects human health.<a name=\"2\"></a>\r\n<h3>What is RF energy and how can it affect the body?</h3>\r\nRF energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.\r\n\r\nElectromagnetic radiation can be divided into two types: ionizing (high-frequency) and non-ionizing (low-frequency) (2). RF energy is a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Ionizing radiation, such as that produced by x-raymachines, can pose a cancer risk at high levels of exposure. However, it is not known whether the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cellular telephones is associated with cancer risk (2).\r\n\r\nStudies suggest that the amount of RF energy produced by cellular phones is too low to produce significant tissue heating or an increase in body temperature. However, more research is needed to determine what effects, if any, low-level non-ionizing RF energy has on the body and whether it poses a health danger (2).\r\n<h3>How is a cellular telephone user exposed to RF energy?</h3>\r\nA cellular telephone’s main source of RF energy is produced through its antenna. The antenna of a hand-held cellular telephone is in the handset, which is typically held against the side of the head when the telephone is in use. The closer the antenna is to the head, the greater a person’s expected exposure is to RF energy. The amount of RF energy absorbed by a person decreases significantly with increasing distance between the antenna and the user. The intensity of RF energy emitted by a cellular telephone depends on the level of the signal sent to or from the nearest base station (1).\r\n\r\nWhen a call is placed from a cellular telephone, a signal is sent from the antenna of the phone to the nearest base station antenna. The base station routes the call through a switching center, where the call can be transferred to another cellular telephone, another base station, or to the local land-line telephone system. The farther a cellular telephone is from the base station antenna, the higher the power level needed to maintain the connection. This distance determines, in part, the amount of RF energy exposure to the user.\r\n<h3>What determines how much RF energy a cellular telephone user experiences?</h3>\r\nA cellular telephone user’s level of exposure to RF energy depends on several factors, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>the number and duration of calls</li>\r\n	<li>the amount of cellular telephone traffic at a given time</li>\r\n	<li>the distance from the nearest cellular base station</li>\r\n	<li>the quality of the cellular transmissions</li>\r\n	<li>how far the antenna is extended</li>\r\n	<li>the size of the handset</li>\r\n	<li>whether or not a hands-free device is used</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3>What parts of the body may be affected during cellular telephone use?</h3>\r\nThere is concern that RF energy produced by cellular phones may affect the brain and nervous system tissue in the head because hand-held cellular telephones are usually held close to the head. Researchers have focused on whether RF energy can cause malignant (cancerous) brain tumors such as gliomas (cancers of the brain that begin in glial cells, which surround and support the nerve cells), as well as benign (noncancerous) tumors, such as acoustic neuromas (tumors that arise in the cells of the nerve that supplies the ear) and meningiomas (tumors that occur in the meninges, which are the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord) (1). The salivary glands also may be exposed to RF energy from cellular phones held close to the head.<strong></strong>\r\n\r\nWhat studies have been done and what do they show?\r\n\r\nNumerous studies have investigated the relationship between cellular telephone use and the risk of developing brain cancer, but results from long-term studies are still limited.\r\n\r\nSeveral studies have investigated the risk of developing three types of brain tumors, namely glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma. Results from the majority of these studies have found no association between hand-held cellular telephone use and the risk of brain cancer (3–8); however, some, but not all, long-term studies have suggested slightly increased risks for certain types of brain tumors (9, 10). Further evaluation of long-term exposures (more than 10 years) is needed.\r\n\r\nA series of multinational case-control studies (comparing individuals who have a disease or condition [case subjects] with a similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition [control subjects]), collectively known as the INTERPHONE study, are being coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (11). The primary objective of these studies is to assess whether RF energy exposure from cellular telephones is associated with an increased risk of malignant or benign brain tumors and other head and neck tumors. Participating countries include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (12). Several reports describing data from individual countries have been published independently by researchers involved in the INTERPHONE study; however, these reports represent only a portion of the entire INTERPHONE dataset. The combined INTERPHONE analysis is underway and will provide more comprehensive and stable risk estimates than analyses from the individual countries.\r\n\r\nTwo reports published in November 2004 by researchers from individual countries that are participating in the INTERPHONE study described results of assessments of cellular telephone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. One report described a Danish case-control study that showed no increased risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term (10 years or more) cellular telephone users compared with short-term users, and there was no increase in the incidence of tumors on the side of the head where the phone was usually held (13). The other report described a Swedish study that examined similar populations and found a slightly elevated risk of acoustic neuroma in long-term cellular telephone users but not in short-term users (14).\r\n\r\nA pooled analysis of data from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom did not find relationships between the risk of acoustic neuroma and the duration of cell phone use, cumulative hours of use, or number of calls; however, the risk of a tumor on the same side of the head as the reported phone use was higher among persons who had used a cell phone for 10 years or more (9).\r\n\r\nOther reports from the Danish and Swedish researchers who are collaborating in the INTERPHONE study investigated whether a relationship exists between cellular telephone use and the risk of meningioma or glioma. These studies from Denmark and Sweden compared individuals with meningioma or glioma with acontrol group of disease-free individuals and found no link between these conditions and cellular telephone use (15, 16).\r\n\r\nPooled analyses of data from four Nordic countries and the United Kingdom did not show overall associations between the risk of glioma or meningioma and the cumulative hours of cell phone use or the number of calls (17, 18). There was a slightly increased risk of glioma occurring on the same side of the head as the reported phone use among persons who used a cell phone for at least 10 years (17).\r\n\r\nIn an attempt to avoid the issue of biases associated with case-control studies, investigators defined a cohort of 420,095 persons in Denmark with cellular phone subscriptions and linked this roster with the Danish Cancer Registry to identify brain tumors occurring in this population (7, 8). Cellular phone use was not associated with glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, even among persons who had been subscribers for 10 or more years. This type of prospective study has the advantage of not having to rely on peoples’ ability to remember past cellular phone use.\r\n\r\nIncidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute have shown no increase between 1987 and 2005 in the age-adjusted incidence of brain or other nervous system cancers despite the dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones (19).\r\n\r\nThere are very few studies of the possible relationship between cell phone use and tumors other than those of the brain and central nervous system (20–23).\r\n<h3>Why are the results of the studies inconsistent?</h3>\r\nThere are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (1). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\r\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (1).</li>\r\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (24, 25). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\r\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (1).\r\n<h3>Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cellular telephone use than adults?</h3>\r\nThere are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (1). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.\r\n<h3>What can cellular telephone users do to reduce their exposure to RF energy?</h3>\r\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\r\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (2). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\r\n<h3><a name=\"1\"></a>Where can I find more information about RF energy exposure?</h3>\r\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.\r\n<h3><a name=\"11\"></a>What are other sources of RF energy?</h3>\r\nThe most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (2). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (1). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (2).\r\n\r\n<strong></strong>Selected References\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r1\" name=\"r1\"></a>Ahlbom A, Green A, Kheifets L, Savitz D, Swerdlow A. Epidemiology of health effects on radiofrequency exposure. <em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em> 2004; 112(17): 1741–1754.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r2\" name=\"r2\"></a>Food and Drug Administration (2003). <em>Cell Phone Facts: Consumer Information on Wireless Phones</em>. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.fda.gov/cellphones.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r3\" name=\"r3\"></a>Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, et al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em> 2001; 344(2):79–86.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r4\" name=\"r4\"></a>Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: Case-control study. <em>British Medical Journal </em>2006; 332(7546):883–887.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r5\" name=\"r5\"></a>Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Tynes T. Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours. <em>European Journal of Cancer Prevention</em> 2007; 16(2):158–164.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r6\" name=\"r6\"></a>Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, et al. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: A case-control study. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2008; 98(3):652–659.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r7\" name=\"r7\"></a>Johansen C, Boice Jr. JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Cellular telephones and cancer: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2001; 93(3):203–207.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r8\" name=\"r8\"></a>Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, et al. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort. <em>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</em> 2006; 98(23): 1707–1713.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r9\" name=\"r9\"></a>Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. <em>British Journal of Cancer</em> 2005; 93(7):842–848.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r10\" name=\"r10\"></a>Hours M, Bernard M, Montestrucq L, et al. [Cell phones and risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: The French INTERPHONE case-control study.]<em>Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique </em>2007; 55(5):321–332.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r11\" name=\"r11\"></a>Cardis E, Richardson L, Deltour I, et al. The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population.<em>European Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2007; 22(9):647–664.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r12\" name=\"r12\"></a>International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004). <em>The INTERPHONE Study</em>. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: http://www.iarc.fr/en/Research-Groups/Clusters-Groups/Biostatistics-and-Epidemiology-Cluster/Radiation-Group/The-INTERPHONE-Study.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r13\" name=\"r13\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2004; 159(3):277–283.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r14\" name=\"r14\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. <em>Epidemiology</em> 2004; 15(6):653–659.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r15\" name=\"r15\"></a>Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: A population-based, incident case-control study.<em>Neurology</em> 2005; 64(7):1189–1195.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r16\" name=\"r16\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M, Swedish Interphone Study Group. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 161(6):526–535.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r17\" name=\"r17\"></a>Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in five North European countries. <em>International Journal of Cancer</em>2007; 120(8):1769–1775.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r18\" name=\"r18\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Raitanen J, et al. Meningioma and mobile phone use–a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries.<em>International Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; August 2 [Epub ahead of print].</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r19\" name=\"r19\"></a>Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al (2007). <em>SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2005</em>. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved August 28, 2008, from: <a href=\"http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005\">http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005</a>.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r20\" name=\"r20\"></a>Stang A, Anastassiou G, Ahrens W, et al. The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma.<em>Epidemiology</em> 2001; 12(1):7–12.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r21\" name=\"r21\"></a>Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, et al. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. <em>International Journal of Cance</em>r 2006; 119(10):2382–2388.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r22\" name=\"r22\"></a>Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2006; 164(7):637–643.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r23\" name=\"r23\"></a>Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Jarus-Hakak A, et al. Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors–a nationwide case-control study. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 2008; 167(4):457–467.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r24\" name=\"r24\"></a>Lahkola A, Salminen T, Auvinen A. Selection bias due to differential participation in a case-control study of mobile phone use and brain tumors. <em>Annals of Epidemiology</em> 2005; 15(5):321–325.</li>\r\n	<li><a id=\"r25\" name=\"r25\"></a>Vrijheid M, Deltour I, Krewski D, Sanchez M, Cardis E. The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. <em>Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology</em> 2006; 16(4):371–384.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n# # #\r\n\r\nArticle from the National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet (rev 9/2008)\r\n\r\nRelated NCI materials and Web pages:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet 3.46, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\"><em>Magnetic Field Exposure and Cancer: Questions and Answers</em></a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/magnetic-fields</a>)</li>\r\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">Cancer Causes and Risk Factors Home Page</a>(<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes\">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/prevention-genetics-causes/causes</a>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nFor more help, contact:\r\n\r\n<dl><dd>NCI’s Cancer Information ServiceTelephone (toll-free): 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237)TTY (toll-free): 1-800-332-8615<em>LiveHelp</em><sup>®</sup> online chat: https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</dd></dl>There are several reasons for the discrepancies between studies:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Information about cellular telephone use, including the frequency of use and the duration of calls, has largely been assessed through questionnaires. The completeness and accuracy of the data collected during such interviews is dependent on the memory of the responding individuals. In case-control studies, individuals with brain tumors may remember cellular telephone use differently from healthy individuals, which can result in a problem known as<em>recall bias</em>.</li>\r\n	<li>Cellular telephone use is relatively new (mostly since the 1990s), and cellular technology continues to change (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). Although older studies evaluated RF energy exposure from analog telephones, most cellular telephones today use digital technology, which operates at a different frequency and power level than analog phones.</li>\r\n	<li>The interval between exposure to a carcinogen and the clinical onset of a tumor may be many years or decades. Scientists have been unable to monitor large cohorts of cellular telephone users for the length of time it might take for brain tumors to develop (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).</li>\r\n	<li>Other limitations of current epidemiologic studies on cellular telephone use and brain cancer include a lack of verifiable data regarding cumulative RF energy exposure over time (the total amount of RF energy individuals have encountered) and potential errors in the exposure information reported by study participants after individuals are diagnosed with cancer, a problem known as <em>reporting bias</em> (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r24\">24</a>, <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r25\">25</a>). In addition, participation rates are frequently different between case subjects and control subjects in brain tumor studies, a problem known as <em>participation bias</em>. Some studies have indicated greater participation by individuals diagnosed with brain tumors compared with controls, and participation rates may be related to cellular phone use.</li>\r\n	<li>The use of “hands-free” wireless technology, such as Bluetooth®, is increasing and may contribute to variation in cellular phone exposures.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAlthough research has not consistently demonstrated a link between cellular telephone use and cancer, scientists still caution that further surveillance is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the risk of cancer from cellular telephones (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>).There are currently no data on cellular telephone use and risk in children because no published studies to date have included children. Cellular telephone use is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents, and they are likely to accumulate many years of exposure during their lives (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In addition, children may be at greater risk because their nervous systems are still developing at the time of exposure.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has suggested some steps that cellular telephone users can take if they are concerned about potential health risks from cellular telephones:\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Reserve the use of cellular telephones for shorter conversations, or for times when a conventional phone is not available.</li>\r\n	<li>Switch to a type of cellular telephone with a hands-free device that will place more distance between the antenna and the head of the phone user.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHands-free kits reduce the amount of RF energy exposure to the head because the antenna, which is the source of RF energy, is not placed against the head (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). However, most studies conducted on cellular telephone use and cancer risk have focused on hand-held models not equipped with hands-free systems because they deliver the most RF energy to the user’s head.\r\n\r\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which regulates interstate and international communications, provides consumers with information about human exposure to RF energy from cellular telephones and other devices at<a href=\"http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety\">http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety</a> on the Internet. This Web page includes information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of cellular telephones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed into the head of a cellular telephone user. Consumers can access this information using the phone’s FCC ID number, which is usually located on the case of the phone.The most common use of RF energy is for telecommunications (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>). In the United States, cellular telephones operate in a frequency range of about 1,800 to 2,200 megahertz (MHz) (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r1\">1</a>). In this range, the electromagnetic radiation produced is in the form of non-ionizing RF energy. AM/FM radios, VHF/UHF televisions, and cordless telephones (telephones that have a base unit connected to the telephone wiring in a house) operate at lower radio frequencies than cellular telephones. Other sources of RF energy, including radar, satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, industrial equipment, and microwave ovens, operate at somewhat higher radio frequencies (<a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/facts-about-cancer/fact-or-fiction/cancer-and-cell-phones#r2\">2</a>).\r\n<h3>Additional Key Points</h3>\r\n<ul type=\"disc\">\r\n	<li>Cellular telephones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy, which is another name for radio waves</li>\r\n	<li>Exposure to high levels of RF energy can heat body tissue, but RF energy exposures from cellular telephones are too low to cause significant tissue heating.</li>\r\n	<li>Concerns have been raised that RF energy from cellular telephones may pose a cancer risk to users.</li>\r\n	<li>Researchers are studying tumors of the brain and central nervous system (CNS) and other sites of the head and neck because cellular telephones are held next to the head when used.</li>\r\n	<li>Studies have not shown any consistent link between cellular telephone use and cancer, but scientists feel that additional research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.</li>\r\n</ul>','Cancer and Cell Phones','','inherit','open','open','','542-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 16:21:27','2013-07-08 20:21:27','',542,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/542-revision-2/',0,'revision','',0),(546,1,'2013-06-20 15:08:12','2013-06-20 15:08:12','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online list the 12 most common forms of skin cancer. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen. </strong>Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-06-20 15:08:12','2013-06-20 15:08:12','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/20/64-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(547,1,'2013-07-10 10:02:08','2013-07-10 14:02:08','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:02:08','2013-07-10 14:02:08','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(548,1,'2013-07-10 10:08:33','2013-07-10 14:08:33','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:08:33','2013-07-10 14:08:33','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(549,1,'2013-07-10 10:12:33','2013-07-10 14:12:33','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:12:33','2013-07-10 14:12:33','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(550,1,'2013-07-10 10:14:07','2013-07-10 14:14:07','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:14:07','2013-07-10 14:14:07','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(551,1,'2013-07-10 10:15:46','2013-07-10 14:15:46','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can only be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:15:46','2013-07-10 14:15:46','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(552,1,'2013-07-10 10:19:43','2013-07-10 14:19:43','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. These pictures range from AK (Actinic Keratosis) to Squamous Cell and Melanomas. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can <strong><em>only</em></strong> be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:19:43','2013-07-10 14:19:43','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(553,1,'2013-07-10 10:20:29','2013-07-10 14:20:29','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. These pictures range from AK (Actinic Keratosis) to Squamous Cell and Melanomas. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can <strong><em>only</em></strong> be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more info. It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:20:29','2013-07-10 14:20:29','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-10/',0,'revision','',0),(554,1,'2013-07-10 10:21:59','2013-07-10 14:21:59','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. These pictures range from AK (Actinic Keratosis) to Squamous Cell and Melanomas. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can <strong><em>only</em></strong> be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more information about our cancer avoiding Sunscreen.  It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:21:59','2013-07-10 14:21:59','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-11/',0,'revision','',0),(555,1,'2013-07-10 10:22:33','2013-07-10 14:22:33','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. These pictures range from AK (Actinic Keratosis) to Squamous Cell and Melanomas. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can <strong><em>only</em></strong> be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more information about our cancer avoiding Sunscreen.  It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:22:33','2013-07-10 14:22:33','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-12/',0,'revision','',0),(556,1,'2013-07-10 10:24:13','2013-07-10 14:24:13','<strong>Skin Cancer Pictures:</strong> The Clinical gallery at Patient Care online lists the 12 most common forms of skin cancer and has provided these pictures. These pictures range from the less serious AK (Actinic Keratosis) to Squamous Cell and more serious Melanomas. If you have a mole or spot on your skin that resembles any of these pictures, please contact your doctor or visit a hospital quickly. The types of cancers listed are possibilities; an exact diagnosis can <strong><em>only</em></strong> be determined by a biopsy.\r\n\r\nConsider buying our American Cancer Fund <strong>Sunscreen</strong> to prevent you from having skin cancer. Skin cancer is one of the most preventable cancers.  Click<a href=\"/good-health/sunscreen-info\"> here </a>for more information about our cancer avoiding Sunscreen.  It’s ‘Protection You Can Count On’.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_01.jpg\" />\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/skin_cancer_02.jpg\" />','Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix','','inherit','open','open','','64-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:24:13','2013-07-10 14:24:13','',64,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/64-revision-13/',0,'revision','',0),(557,1,'2013-07-08 19:00:28','2013-07-08 19:00:28','For a very good  overview of skin cancer/melanoma, try the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks patient guide. <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/melanoma.pdf\">Here is a quick link</a> and you’ll probably want to start about page 7.\r\n<h2>Pre-Cancers</h2>\r\n<strong>Actinic Keratosis</strong> or AK is a very common skin problem that must be treated before it becomes a more serious form of Skin Cancer. For more information try<a href=\"http://www.skincancer.org/actinic-keratosis-and-other-precancers.html\"> this link</a> from the Skin Cancer Foundation.\r\n<h2>Basal Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>BCC</strong> is a non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and the most common skin cancer in the US and the face is the most common place to find basal cell skin cancer.  For a quick over view click on this link at  the <a href=\"http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/basal-cell-carcinoma\">American Academy of Dermatology.</a>  For a more detailed description and treatment options try this link at <a href=\"http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/basal-cell-carcinoma/about-basal-cell-carcinoma\">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a>.\r\n<h2>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>Squamous cell carcinoma</strong> is a type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be found at the National Library of Medicine, click <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/\">here</a>.\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n\r\n<strong>Try our New American Cancer Fund Sunscreen. Click </strong><a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage_new.tpl&amp;product_id=44\"><strong>here</strong></a><strong> to buy or <a title=\"Oil Free SPF 30 Sunscreen\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/oil-free-spf-30-sunscreen/\">here</a> for more info. Its only $12 and 100% of profits go to fight Cancer. ($3.95 for s&amp;h)</strong>\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n<h2>Understanding Skin Cancer or Melanoma</h2>\r\n<h3>Warning signs:</h3>\r\nMoles, brown spots and growths on the skin are usually harmless — but not always. Anyone who has more than 100 moles is at greater risk for melanoma. The first signs can appear in one or more atypical moles. That’s why it’s so important to get to know your skin very well and to recognize any changes in the moles on your body. Look for the <strong>ABCDE</strong>s of melanoma, and if you see one or more, make an appointment with a physician immediately.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/asymmetry.jpg\" />  <strong>A</strong>symmetric:  If you draw a line through this mole, the two halves will not match.\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/border.jpg\" />  <strong>B</strong>order:  The borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped or notched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/color.jpg\" /> <strong>C</strong>olor:  Having a variety of colors is another warning signal. A number of different shades of brown, tan or black could appear. A melanoma may also become red, blue or some other color.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong> <img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/diameter.jpg\" /> D</strong>iameter:  Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser on your pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm), but they may sometimes be smaller when first detected.\r\n\r\n<strong><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/evolving.jpg\" /> E</strong>volving:  Any change — in size, shape, color, elevation, or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching or crusting — points to danger.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer-melanoma-pix/\">More pictures</a>\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer/\">Skin Cancer Types</a>','ABC’s of Skin Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','63-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 19:00:28','2013-07-08 19:00:28','',63,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/63-revision-14/',0,'revision','',0),(558,1,'2013-07-10 10:34:40','2013-07-10 14:34:40','For a very good  overview of skin cancer/melanoma, try the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks patient guide. <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/melanoma.pdf\">Here is a quick link</a> and you’ll probably want to start about page 7.\r\n<h2>Pre-Cancers</h2>\r\n<strong>Actinic Keratosis</strong> or AK is a very common skin problem that must be treated before it becomes a more serious form of Skin Cancer. For more information try<a href=\"http://www.skincancer.org/actinic-keratosis-and-other-precancers.html\"> this link</a> from the Skin Cancer Foundation.\r\n<h2>Basal Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>BCC</strong> is a non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and the most common skin cancer in the US and the face is the most common place to find basal cell skin cancer.  For a quick over view click on this link at  the <a href=\"http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/basal-cell-carcinoma\">American Academy of Dermatology.</a>  For a more detailed description and treatment options try this link at <a href=\"http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/basal-cell-carcinoma/about-basal-cell-carcinoma\">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a>.\r\n<h2>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>Squamous cell carcinoma</strong> is a type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be found at the National Library of Medicine, click <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/\">here</a>.\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n\r\n<strong>Try our New American Cancer Fund Sunscreen. Click </strong><a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage_new.tpl&amp;product_id=44\"><strong>here</strong></a><strong> to buy or <a title=\"Oil Free SPF 30 Sunscreen\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/oil-free-spf-30-sunscreen/\">here</a> for more info. Its only $12 and 100% of profits go to fight Cancer. ($3.95 for s&amp;h)</strong>\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n<h2>Understanding Skin Cancer or Melanoma</h2>\r\n<h3>Warning signs:</h3>\r\nMoles, brown spots and growths on the skin are usually harmless — but not always. Anyone who has more than 100 moles is at greater risk for melanoma. The first signs can appear in one or more atypical moles. That’s why it’s so important to get to know your skin very well and to recognize any changes in the moles on your body. Look for the <strong>ABCDE</strong>s of melanoma, and if you see one or more, make an appointment with a physician immediately.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/asymmetry.jpg\" />  <strong>A</strong>symmetric:  If you draw a line through this mole, the two halves will not match.\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/border.jpg\" />  <strong>B</strong>order:  The borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped or notched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/color.jpg\" /> <strong>C</strong>olor:  Having a variety of colors is another warning signal. A number of different shades of brown, tan or black could appear. A melanoma may also become red, blue or some other color.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong> <img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/diameter.jpg\" /> D</strong>iameter:  Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser on your pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm), but they may sometimes be smaller when first detected.\r\n\r\n<strong><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/evolving.jpg\" /> E</strong>volving:  Any change — in size, shape, color, elevation, or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching or crusting — points to danger.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer-melanoma-pix/\">More pictures</a>\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer/\">Skin Cancer Types</a>','ABC’s of Skin Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','63-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:34:40','2013-07-10 14:34:40','',63,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/63-revision-15/',0,'revision','',0),(559,1,'2013-07-10 10:35:04','2013-07-10 14:35:04','For a very good  overview of skin cancer/melanoma, try the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks patient guide. <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/melanoma.pdf\">Here is a quick link</a> and you’ll probably want to start about page 7.\r\n<h2>Pre-Cancers</h2>\r\n<strong>Actinic Keratosis</strong> or AK is a very common skin problem that must be treated before it becomes a more serious form of Skin Cancer. For more information try<a href=\"http://www.skincancer.org/actinic-keratosis-and-other-precancers.html\"> this link</a> from the Skin Cancer Foundation.\r\n<h2>Basal Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>BCC</strong> is a non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and the most common skin cancer in the US and the face is the most common place to find basal cell skin cancer.  For a quick over view click on this link at  the <a href=\"http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/basal-cell-carcinoma\">American Academy of Dermatology.</a>  For a more detailed description and treatment options try this link at <a href=\"http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/adult/basal-cell-carcinoma/about-basal-cell-carcinoma\">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a>.\r\n<h2>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h2>\r\n<strong>Squamous cell carcinoma</strong> is a type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More information on Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be found at the National Library of Medicine, click <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001832/\">here</a>.\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n\r\n<strong>Try our New American Cancer Fund Sunscreen. Click </strong><a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage_new.tpl&amp;product_id=44\"><strong>here</strong></a><strong> to buy or <a title=\"Oil Free SPF 30 Sunscreen\" href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/oil-free-spf-30-sunscreen/\">here</a> for more info. Its only $12 and 100% of profits go to fight Cancer. ($3.95 for s&amp;h)</strong>\r\n\r\n**************************\r\n<h2>Understanding Skin Cancer or Melanoma</h2>\r\n<h3>Warning signs:</h3>\r\nMoles, brown spots and growths on the skin are usually harmless — but not always. Anyone who has more than 100 moles is at greater risk for melanoma. The first signs can appear in one or more atypical moles. That’s why it’s so important to get to know your skin very well and to recognize any changes in the moles on your body. Look for the <strong>ABCDE</strong>s of melanoma, and if you see one or more, make an appointment with a physician immediately.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/asymmetry.jpg\" />  <strong>A</strong>symmetric:  If you draw a line through this mole, the two halves will not match.\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/border.jpg\" />  <strong>B</strong>order:  The borders of an early melanoma tend to be uneven. The edges may be scalloped or notched.</p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/color.jpg\" /> <strong>C</strong>olor:  Having a variety of colors is another warning signal. A number of different shades of brown, tan or black could appear. A melanoma may also become red, blue or some other color.</p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong> <img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/diameter.jpg\" /> D</strong>iameter:  Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser on your pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm), but they may sometimes be smaller when first detected.\r\n\r\n<strong><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://americancancerfund.org/images/stories/evolving.jpg\" /> E</strong>volving:  Any change — in size, shape, color, elevation, or another trait, or any new symptom such as bleeding, itching or crusting — points to danger.\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer Melanoma Pix\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer-melanoma-pix/\">More pictures</a>\r\n\r\n<a title=\"Skin Cancer\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/skin-cancer/\">Skin Cancer Types</a>','ABC’s of Skin Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','63-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 10:35:04','2013-07-10 14:35:04','',63,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/63-revision-16/',0,'revision','',0),(560,1,'2013-07-08 19:01:38','2013-07-08 19:01:38','<h2>American Cancer Fund (ACF)®</h2>\r\nshould be your first stop for Cancer information. While numerous organizations provide information on cancer, the American Cancer Fund’s <em><strong>vital difference</strong></em> is our ability to provide you with reliable resources and streamline the process to quickly educate and empower you to cope with cancer, however it affects you. ACF is also part of ACES, another great Cancer Information and healthy living resource. ACES/ACF is a proud member of both the Mercer and Middlesex County Chambers of Commerce, the Somerset County Business Partnership as well as the Hillsborough Economic Business Development Council. Documentation for ACES and ACF can be found at <a href=\"http://www2.guidestar.org/ReportNonProfit.aspx?ein=20-3232112&amp;Mode=Gx&amp;lid=100776176&amp;dl=True\">Guidestar</a>, the federal registry for charities. They have awarded ACES/ACF their highest award,the Exchange Seal and Partners in Trust.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>American Cancer Fund®</strong> has been operating continuously since the mid 1970?s. They have worked tirelessly to provide assistance to Cancer patients. The organization was started by transplanted New Yorkers when they moved to Florida and realized that many retirees did not have the funds they needed to pay for serious medical care like Cancer. The founders enlisted family and friends and started chapters (from 1974 – 1976) in Florida, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, California and Arizona. The original goal was to provide some amount of funding and resources to anyone struggling with the big ‘C’. They started their efforts by working with churches and synagogues (of the founders) to find donors so that they could evaluate and really help those in need. The founders reached out to everyone they knew in the garment and plumbing industries as well as lawyers and accountants and asked for donations from every personal connection they made. This model lasted until the 1990?s when most of the original founders passed on leaving a legacy of service to the next generation.\r\n\r\nMost of the patients that received assistance were identified by ‘word of mouth’ (there was no internet in those days and NO twitter), and were assessed by the volunteers from ‘chapters’ that were in cities where the founders had a family or business connection.\r\n\r\nAs the original volunteers passed away, the assistance became more centralized. It wasn’t until the late 1990?s when the next generation decided to restructure and re-evaluate the mission and goals that the current mission was established. American Cancer Fund and American Cancer Educational Services joined forces and refiled as a charity in 2005.\r\n<h2>American Cancer Educational Services (ACES)™</h2>\r\nis a grass roots organization of individuals with family and friends touched by Cancer as well as Cancer survivors. We know that good, simple information is available but hard to find and understand. ACES is a tax-exempt, non profit, 501(C)3 corporation and depends on your support through contributions and various fund raising activities.','About Us','','inherit','open','open','','9-revision-v1','','','2013-07-08 19:01:38','2013-07-08 19:01:38','',9,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/08/9-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(561,1,'2013-06-24 12:30:16','2013-06-24 12:30:16','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;lt;div style=&amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;#8221;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img height=&amp;#8221;1&amp;#8243; width=&amp;#8221;1&amp;#8243; src=&amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;script=0&amp;#8243; style=&amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;#8221; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 12:30:16','2013-06-24 12:30:16','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/43-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(562,1,'2013-07-10 16:53:29','2013-07-10 20:53:29','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;amp;lt;div style=&amp;amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;amp;#8221;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;img height=&amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;#8243; width=&amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;#8243; src=&amp;amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;script=0&amp;amp;#8243; style=&amp;amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;amp;#8221; /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 16:53:29','2013-07-10 20:53:29','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/43-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(563,1,'2013-07-10 16:57:06','2013-07-10 20:57:06','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=&amp;amp;amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;amp;amp;#8221;&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=&amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;#8243; width=&amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;#8243; src=&amp;amp;amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;script=0&amp;amp;amp;#8243; style=&amp;amp;amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;amp;amp;#8221; /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 16:57:06','2013-07-10 20:57:06','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/43-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(564,1,'2013-07-10 16:57:42','2013-07-10 20:57:42','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; width=&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; src=&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;script=0&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221; /&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 16:57:42','2013-07-10 20:57:42','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/43-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(565,1,'2013-07-10 16:58:33','2013-07-10 20:58:33','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your anal cancer education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; width=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; src=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;script=0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221; /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 16:58:33','2013-07-10 20:58:33','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/43-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(566,1,'2013-07-10 16:59:44','2013-07-10 20:59:44','<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your anal cancer education here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vital to helping you understand your anal cancer and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">General Information About Anal Cancer</span></h2>\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.  Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.  Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.  Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.  Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nAnal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"http://www.americancancerfund.org/images/stories/lower_digestive.jpg\" />\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long.\r\n<h2>Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</h2>\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\nBeing infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li>Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li>Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li>Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li>Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li>Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nPossible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li>Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li>Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li>Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li>Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li>Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCertain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li>Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li>Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInformation on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://pda.asco.org/patient/Cancer+Types/Anal+Cancer\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.fascrs.org/patients/conditions/anal_cancer/\">American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/anal-cancer/DS00852\">The Mayo Clinic</a></p>\r\n\r\n<noscript>&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;display:inline;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; width=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;1&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; src=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;script=0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8243; style=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221;border-style:none;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#8221; /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;</noscript>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; top: 0px; left: -10000px;\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>General Information About Anal Cancer*</strong></span></span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_1\"></a>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"Summary-SummarySection-Keypoint-Title\">Key Points for This Section</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" />\r\n<ul class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-UL-Bullet\">\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Summary-SummarySection-KeyPoint-LI\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"1\" height=\"5\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a name=\"Section_2\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint1\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_146\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer, skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to let stool pass out of the body. The anal canal, the part of the anus between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1½ inches long. <a name=\"Section_162\"></a>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"page-title\"><a name=\"Section_1\"></a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><img alt=\"lower digestive\" src=\"/images/stories/lower_digestive_system.jpg\" /></strong></span></span>\r\n<table style=\"width: 285px;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><img alt=\"alt\" src=\"/images/spacer.gif\" width=\"12\" height=\"3\" border=\"0\" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"caption\" align=\"left\">Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_115\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.\r\n\r\n<a name=\"END_Section_2\"></a><a name=\"Section_7\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint2\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect the risk of developing anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_118\"></a>\r\n\r\nRisk factors include the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_119\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being over 50 years old.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having many sexual partners.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having receptive anal intercourse (anal sex).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Having anal fistulas (abnormal openings).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Smoking cigarettes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_7\"></a><a name=\"Section_15\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint3\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus. </span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_132\"></a>\r\n\r\nThese and other symptoms may be caused by anal cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_117\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Bleeding from the anus or rectum.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Pain or pressure in the area around the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Itching or discharge from the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A lump near the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">A change in bowel habits.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_15\"></a><a name=\"Section_19\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint4\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Tests that examine the rectum and anus are used to detect (find) and diagnose anal cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_21\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe following tests and procedures may be used:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_22\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Digital rectal examination (DRE): An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Anoscopy: An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Proctoscopy: An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound: A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"END_Section_19\"></a><a name=\"Section_23\"></a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Keypoint5\"></a><span class=\"Summary-KeyPoint\">Certain factors affect the prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</span>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_147\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_148\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The size of the tumor.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<a name=\"END_ListSection\"></a><a name=\"Section_25\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe treatment options depend on the following:\r\n\r\n<a name=\"Section_149\"></a><a name=\"ListSection\"></a>\r\n<ul class=\"Protocol-UL\">\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">The stage of the cancer.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Where the tumor is in the anus.</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</li>\r\n	<li class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">Whether cancer remains after initial treatment or has recurred.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Protocol-IL-Bullet\">*Information on this page has been condensed from the US National Cancer Institute website. Additional Anal Cancer information can be found at the following reliable websites:</p>\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"ultimatesbplugin_bottom\"></div>','Anal Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','43-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 16:59:44','2013-07-10 20:59:44','',43,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/43-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(567,1,'2013-07-30 19:13:52','2013-07-30 23:13:52','Please consider naming American Cancer Fund® in your will, as a bequest to charity, and using our federal ID number as well. Our federal EIN is: 20-3232112.\n\nAfter taking care of your family and loved ones, you can make a difference to the lives of thousands of others by leaving a bequest.  Your bequest to ACF, whether large or modest, is a lasting and meaningful gift to future generations. A bequest is a legacy gift that will insure your donation goes exactly where you want it to go, after you pass away. For additional information or help with a bequest, please contact our financial officer or Executive Director via the <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/about-american-cancer-fund-cancer-group/count-us?view=message&amp;layout=message&amp;pf=1\">contact us form</a>.\n\nYou may also reach us via phone at (908)431-9800\n\nor via US Mail:\n\nAmerican Cancer Fund\nPO Box 7262\nHillsborough, NJ 08844-7262','Bequests','','inherit','open','open','','79-autosave-v1','','','2013-07-30 19:13:52','2013-07-30 23:13:52','',79,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/79-autosave/',0,'revision','',0),(568,1,'2013-06-24 16:55:55','2013-06-24 16:55:55','Please consider naming American Cancer Fund in your will and using our federal ID number as well. Our FEIN is: 20-3232112. This is a legacy gift that will insure your donation goes exactly where you want it to go. For additional information or help with a bequest, please contact our CFO or Executive Director via the <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/about-american-cancer-fund-cancer-group/count-us?view=message&amp;layout=message&amp;pf=1\">contact us form</a>.\r\n\r\nYou may also reach us via phone at (908)431-9800\r\n\r\nor via US Mail:\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund\r\nPO Box 7262\r\nHillsborough, NJ 08844','Bequests','','inherit','open','open','','79-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 16:55:55','2013-06-24 16:55:55','',79,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/79-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(569,1,'2013-07-10 17:06:16','2013-07-10 21:06:16','Please consider naming American Cancer Fund® in your will, as a bequest to charity, and using our federal ID number as well. Our FEIN is: 20-3232112. A bequest is a legacy gift that will insure your donation goes exactly where you want it to go, after you pass away. For additional information or help with a bequest, please contact our financial officer or Executive Director via the <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/about-american-cancer-fund-cancer-group/count-us?view=message&amp;layout=message&amp;pf=1\">contact us form</a>.\r\n\r\nYou may also reach us via phone at (908)431-9800\r\n\r\nor via US Mail:\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund\r\nPO Box 7262\r\nHillsborough, NJ 08844-7262','Bequests','','inherit','open','open','','79-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:06:16','2013-07-10 21:06:16','',79,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/79-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(570,1,'2013-07-10 17:07:43','2013-07-10 21:07:43','Please consider naming American Cancer Fund® in your will, as a bequest to charity, and using our federal ID number as well. Our FEIN is: 20-3232112. A bequest is a legacy gift that will insure your donation goes exactly where you want it to go, after you pass away. For additional information or help with a bequest, please contact our financial officer or Executive Director via the <a href=\"http://americancancerfund.org/about-american-cancer-fund-cancer-group/count-us?view=message&amp;layout=message&amp;pf=1\">contact us form</a>.\r\n\r\nYou may also reach us via phone at (908)431-9800\r\n\r\nor via US Mail:\r\n\r\nAmerican Cancer Fund\r\nPO Box 7262\r\nHillsborough, NJ 08844-7262','Bequests','','inherit','open','open','','79-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:07:43','2013-07-10 21:07:43','',79,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/79-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(572,1,'2013-07-10 17:15:27','2013-07-10 21:15:27','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:15:27','2013-07-10 21:15:27','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(573,1,'2013-07-10 17:16:37','2013-07-10 21:16:37','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:16:37','2013-07-10 21:16:37','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(574,1,'2013-07-10 17:17:36','2013-07-10 21:17:36','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:17:36','2013-07-10 21:17:36','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(575,1,'2013-06-24 16:38:41','2013-06-24 16:38:41','<h2>What is Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nBone cancer is an uncommon cancer that begins in a bone. Bone cancer can begin in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the long bones that make up the arms and legs.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of bone cancer exist. Some types of bone cancer occur primarily in children, while others affect mostly adults.\r\n\r\nThe term “bone cancer” doesn’t include cancers that begin elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasize) to the bone. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer also doesn’t include blood cell cancers, such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, that begin in the bone marrow — the jelly-like material inside the bone where blood cells are made.\r\n<h2>Common types of primary bone cancer include the following</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Osteosarcoma</strong>, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Chondrosarcoma</strong>, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor as an osteosarcoma.</li>\r\n	<li>The <strong>Ewing Sarcoma</strong> Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue). Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue. ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone and pelvis and in the legs and arms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue sarcomas. They are not bone cancers and are not described here.\r\n<h2>Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bone pain</li>\r\n	<li>Swelling and tenderness near the affected area</li>\r\n	<li>Broken bone</li>\r\n	<li>Fatigue</li>\r\n	<li>Unintended weight loss</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Bone Cancer Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.\r\n<h2>What Causes Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nAlthough bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure.','Bone Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','45-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 16:38:41','2013-06-24 16:38:41','',45,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/45-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(576,1,'2013-07-10 17:22:08','2013-07-10 21:22:08','<h2>What is Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nBone cancer is an uncommon cancer that begins in a bone. Bone cancer can begin in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the long bones that make up the arms and legs.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of bone cancer exist. Some types of bone cancer occur primarily in children, while others affect mostly adults.\r\n\r\nThe term “bone cancer” doesn’t include cancers that begin elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasize) to the bone. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer also doesn’t include blood cell cancers, such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, that begin in the bone marrow — the jelly-like material inside the bone where blood cells are made.\r\n<h2>Common types of primary bone cancer include the following</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Osteosarcoma</strong>, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Chondrosarcoma</strong>, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor as an osteosarcoma.</li>\r\n	<li>The <strong>Ewing Sarcoma</strong> Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue). Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue. ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone and pelvis and in the legs and arms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue sarcomas. They are not bone cancers and are not described here.\r\n<h2>Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bone pain</li>\r\n	<li>Swelling and tenderness near the affected area</li>\r\n	<li>Broken bone</li>\r\n	<li>Fatigue</li>\r\n	<li>Unintended weight loss</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Bone Cancer Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.\r\n<h2>What Causes Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nAlthough bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure.','Bone Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','45-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:22:08','2013-07-10 21:22:08','',45,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/45-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(577,1,'2013-07-10 17:24:53','2013-07-10 21:24:53','<h2>What is Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nBone cancer is an uncommon cancer that begins in a bone. Bone cancer can begin in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the long bones that make up the arms and legs.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of bone cancer exist. Some types of bone cancer occur primarily in children, while others affect mostly adults.\r\n\r\nThe term “bone cancer” doesn’t include cancers that begin elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasize) to the bone. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer also doesn’t include blood cell cancers, such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, that begin in the bone marrow — the jelly-like material inside the bone where blood cells are made.\r\n<h2>Common types of primary bone cancer include the following</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Osteosarcoma</strong>, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Chondrosarcoma</strong>, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor as an osteosarcoma.</li>\r\n	<li>The <strong>Ewing Sarcoma</strong> Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue). Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue. ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone and pelvis and in the legs and arms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue sarcomas. They are not bone cancers and are not described here.\r\n<h2>Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bone pain</li>\r\n	<li>Swelling and tenderness near the affected area</li>\r\n	<li>Broken bone</li>\r\n	<li>Fatigue</li>\r\n	<li>Unintended weight loss</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Bone Cancer Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.\r\n<h2>What Causes Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nAlthough bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure.','Bone Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','45-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:24:53','2013-07-10 21:24:53','',45,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/45-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(578,1,'2013-07-10 17:27:23','2013-07-10 21:27:23','<h2>What is Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nBone cancer is an uncommon cancer that begins in a bone. Bone cancer can begin in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the long bones that make up the arms and legs.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of bone cancer exist. Some types of bone cancer occur primarily in children, while others affect mostly adults.\r\n\r\nThe term “bone cancer” doesn’t include cancers that begin elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasize) to the bone. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer also doesn’t include blood cell cancers, such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, that begin in the bone marrow — the jelly-like material inside the bone where blood cells are made.\r\n<h2>Common types of primary bone cancer include the following</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Osteosarcoma</strong>, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Chondrosarcoma</strong>, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor as an osteosarcoma.</li>\r\n	<li>The <strong>Ewing Sarcoma</strong> Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue). Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue. ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone and pelvis and in the legs and arms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue sarcomas. They are not bone cancers and are not described here.\r\n<h2>Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bone pain</li>\r\n	<li>Swelling and tenderness near the affected area</li>\r\n	<li>Broken bone</li>\r\n	<li>Fatigue</li>\r\n	<li>Unintended weight loss</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Bone Cancer Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.\r\n<h2>What Causes Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nAlthough bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure.','Bone Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','45-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:27:23','2013-07-10 21:27:23','',45,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/45-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(579,1,'2013-07-10 17:28:44','2013-07-10 21:28:44','<h2>What is Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nBone cancer is an uncommon cancer that begins in a bone. Bone cancer can begin in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the long bones that make up the arms and legs.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of bone cancer exist. Some types of bone cancer occur primarily in children, while others affect mostly adults.\r\n\r\nThe term “bone cancer” doesn’t include cancers that begin elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasize) to the bone. Instead, those cancers are named for where they began, such as breast cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Bone cancer also doesn’t include blood cell cancers, such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, that begin in the bone marrow — the jelly-like material inside the bone where blood cells are made.\r\n<h2>Common types of primary bone cancer include the following</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Osteosarcoma</strong>, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Chondrosarcoma</strong>, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor as an osteosarcoma.</li>\r\n	<li>The <strong>Ewing Sarcoma</strong> Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue). Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue. ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone and pelvis and in the legs and arms.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue sarcomas. They are not bone cancers and are not described here.\r\n<h2>Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Bone pain</li>\r\n	<li>Swelling and tenderness near the affected area</li>\r\n	<li>Broken bone</li>\r\n	<li>Fatigue</li>\r\n	<li>Unintended weight loss</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Bone Cancer Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for bone cancer are based on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your overall health and your preferences. Bone cancer treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of treatments.\r\n<h2>What Causes Bone Cancer?</h2>\r\nAlthough bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure.','Bone Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','45-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:28:44','2013-07-10 21:28:44','',45,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/45-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(580,1,'2013-07-10 17:18:27','2013-07-10 21:18:27','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:18:27','2013-07-10 21:18:27','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(581,1,'2013-07-10 17:30:04','2013-07-10 21:30:04','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:30:04','2013-07-10 21:30:04','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-10/',0,'revision','',0),(582,1,'2013-07-10 17:30:33','2013-07-10 21:30:33','<noscript>\r\n&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;div style=\"display:inline;\"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" style=\"border-style:none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion/1063970384/?value=2.0&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;label=sSSSCOKxmgEQ0Myr-wM&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;guid=ON&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#038;script=0\"/&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/div&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br /&amp;amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;\r\n</noscript><span><span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer typic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly begins in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>lining of your bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder,</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span><span>b<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lloon-sh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ped org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n in your pelvic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t stores urine. Some bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer rem<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ins confined to</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>lining, while o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>y inv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>de o</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span><span>r<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">Most </span>people who develop bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re older<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>dults – more th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 90 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 55,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd 50 percent of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ses occur in people older th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n 73.\r\n<h2>Newly Di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>gnosed? St<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt your educ<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion here.</h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l to helping you underst<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nd your bladder cancer<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ge your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re is keeping tr<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ck of import<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt phone numbers, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history, side effects,<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>bor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tory results, such<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>s your complete blood count (CBC). Use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>se tools to help org<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nize this inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion so you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n be<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ctive p<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rticip<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nt in your c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>re. Keep<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ndy for use<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>t home<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd bring<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>long to your doctor visits<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd o<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ppointments.</span>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Import</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nt Cont</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a</span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cts</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">He<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lth<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment history</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Copies of reports – Blood tests, P<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>thology reports, etc</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lend<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>r</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Progress</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Questions</span></li>\r\n	<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Insur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nce</span></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Bladder Cancer - An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is a hollow <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000257523&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">organ</a> in the lower <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045070&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">abdomen</a>. It stores <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046642&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urine</a>, the liquid waste made by the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046325&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">kidneys</a>.\r\n\r\nYour bladder is part of the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046095&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urinary tract</a>. Urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046638&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">ureter</a>. Urine leaves the bladder through a shorter tube (the <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046640&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urethra</a>).\r\n\r\nThe wall of the bladder has layers of <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046683&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">tissue</a>:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Inner layer</strong>: The inner layer of tissue is also called the lining. As your bladder fills up with urine, the transitional cells on the surface stretch. When you empty your bladder, these cells shrink.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Middle layer</strong>: The middle layer is muscle tissue. When you empty your bladder, the muscle layer in the bladder wall squeezes the urine out of your body.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Outer layer</strong>: The outer layer covers the bladder. It has fat, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000344349&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">fibrous</a> tissue, and blood vessels.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nBladder location in men\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a man\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image004.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nBladder location in women\r\n\r\n<img alt=\"This picture shows the bladder and nearby organs in a woman.\" src=\"http://www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/documents/cddc0d3e-4fdc-4332-8f6b-1d6136ffdd5f/clip_image006.jpg\" width=\"324\" height=\"271\" />\r\n\r\nPhotos from Cancer.Gov\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"5\"></a>\r\n<h2>Symptoms</h2>\r\nBladder cancer may cause these common symptoms:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Finding blood in your urine (which may make the urine look rusty or darker red)</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling an urgent need to empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Having to empty your bladder more often than you used to</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling the need to empty your bladder without results</li>\r\n	<li>Needing to strain (bear down) when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Feeling pain when you empty your bladder</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other health problems, such as an infection. People with these symptoms should tell their doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2>Treatment</h2>\r\nTreatment options for people with bladder cancer are <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045570&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgery</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045214&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">chemotherapy</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045617&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">biological therapy</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044971&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">radiation therapy</a>. You may receive more than one type of treatment.\r\n\r\nThe treatment that’s right for you depends mainly on the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The location of the tumor in the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or tissues outside the bladder</li>\r\n	<li>Whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body</li>\r\n	<li>The grade of the tumor</li>\r\n	<li>Your age and general health</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nYou may have a team of specialists to help plan your treatment. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist, or you may ask for a referral. You may want to see a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046643&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologist</a>, a <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044306&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">surgeon</a> who specializes in treating problems in the urinary tract. Other specialists who treat bladder cancer include <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000044307&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">urologic oncologists</a> (surgeons who specialize in cancers of the urinary tract), <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046290&amp;version=Patient&amp;language=English\">medical oncologists</a>, and radiation oncologists.\r\n<h2>Reli<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble Links:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177\" target=\"_blank\">M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here:<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>yo Clinic is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>n est<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>blished medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l center.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer section is e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>sy to scroll through. High level overviews of everything rel<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted to symptoms, c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>uses, screening, tre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tment etc<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you find here</strong>\r\n\r\nThis site h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s good inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion on m<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ny c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a </span>is medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>lly reviewed<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd d<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted so you know how current e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch section is. This site is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>very good st<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rting point for your Bl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>dder c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer inform<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.yourdiseaserisk.siteman.wustl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">C<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer Risk Test</a>\r\n\r\nWh<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t you c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>n find here: W<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>shington University School of Medicine h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s cre<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ted<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>website th<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>t provides<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>H<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rd medic<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l schools inter<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctive tool to determine your risk of getting c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer. Questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire is<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>v<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>il<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ble in English<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd Sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>nish. Document<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>tion s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ys it is more<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>ccur<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>te for persons over 40 ye<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rs old. You need to fill out<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>simple questionn<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ire for e<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ch of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>12 types of c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer listed.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The </span>site<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>lso h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>s<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>test for risks of he<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>rt dise<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>se, osteoporosis, di<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>betes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a</span>nd stroke. Under<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>t<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>b Risk F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors click on F<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mily History for<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>number of worthwhile topics.In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>Resources &amp; M<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>teri<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ls section<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>y h<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ve<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> a </span>brochure for colorect<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>l c<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ncer in 8 l<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ngu<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ges. In<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>risk f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ctors section click on vit<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>mins. It is worth re<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">a</span>ding.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Health – Cancer Institute</a>\r\n\r\nThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. This website has information about most common cancers, statistics and clinical trials.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n</div>','Bladder Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','44-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:30:33','2013-07-10 21:30:33','',44,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/44-revision-11/',0,'revision','',0),(583,1,'2013-06-24 16:40:39','2013-06-24 16:40:39','<p class=\"ultimatesbplugin_top\"><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The</span>re are two ma<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>types of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer</span>. Primary bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Metastatic bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts somewhere else<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body and moves to<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can be benign, with no<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells, or malignant, with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells that grow quickly. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can cause many symptoms. No one knows<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>exact causes of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors. Doctors can seldom expla<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>why one person develops a bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumor and ano<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r does not.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Understand<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>- An<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>troduction</h2>\r\n<p class=\"cpage_body\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The </span>word</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span><span>refers to changes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body’s cells that cause<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m to grow out of control.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>se cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowd</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g out normal cells and damag<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span>g entire systems of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>body.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"cpage_body\">Reliable L<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ks:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Brain+Tumor\">People Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nPeople Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>has become<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span>.net and some of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>simplest Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation can be found here. On<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>left side of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page click on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>Types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>n scroll down<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>middle of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page to Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor. <span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation written<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>English and Spanish. Some sections are updated with a date but not all sections are dated.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>formation is provided by<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>American Society of Cl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ical Oncology. Get a written diagnosis from your doctor and search on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>terms you are given.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.abta.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nAmerican Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association offers tumor and treatment publications as well as educational programs.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have good, simple<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation and a primer that is useful. Most<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation is downloadable and<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>booklet format. Site requires registration for updates and access to some material.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y do have an 800 phone number for support and additional<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Foundation</a>\r\n<div><strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong></div>\r\n<div></div>\r\n<div>This is a wonderful resource for any parent deal<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with a pediatric bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>or sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>al tumor.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>ir mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>issues fac<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g this devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g diagnosis.</div>\r\n&nbsp;','Brain Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','46-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 16:40:39','2013-06-24 16:40:39','',46,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/46-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(584,1,'2013-07-10 17:33:53','2013-07-10 21:33:53','<p class=\"ultimatesbplugin_top\"><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The</span>re are two ma<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>types of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer</span>. Primary bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Metastatic bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts somewhere else<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body and moves to<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can be benign, with no<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells, or malignant, with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells that grow quickly. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can cause many symptoms. No one knows<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>exact causes of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors. Doctors can seldom expla<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>why one person develops a bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumor and ano<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r does not.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Understand<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>- An<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>troduction</h2>\r\n<p class=\"cpage_body\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The </span>word</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span><span>refers to changes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body’s cells that cause<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m to grow out of control.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>se cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowd</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g out normal cells and damag<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span>g entire systems of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>body.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"cpage_body\">Reliable L<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ks:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Brain+Tumor\">People Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nPeople Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>has become<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span>.net and some of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>simplest Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation can be found here. On<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>left side of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page click on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>Types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>n scroll down<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>middle of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page to Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor. <span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation written<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>English and Spanish. Some sections are updated with a date but not all sections are dated.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>formation is provided by<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>American Society of Cl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ical Oncology. Get a written diagnosis from your doctor and search on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>terms you are given.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.abta.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nAmerican Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association offers tumor and treatment publications as well as educational programs.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have good, simple<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation and a primer that is useful. Most<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation is downloadable and<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>booklet format. Site requires registration for updates and access to some material.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y do have an 800 phone number for support and additional<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Foundation</a>\r\n<div><strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong></div>\r\n<div></div>\r\n<div>This is a wonderful resource for any parent deal<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with a pediatric bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>or sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>al tumor.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>ir mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>issues fac<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g this devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g diagnosis.</div>\r\n&nbsp;','Brain Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','46-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:33:53','2013-07-10 21:33:53','',46,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/46-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(585,1,'2013-07-10 17:34:27','2013-07-10 21:34:27','<p class=\"ultimatesbplugin_top\"><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The</span>re are two ma<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>types of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer</span>. Primary bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Metastatic bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts somewhere else<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body and moves to<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can be benign, with no<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells, or malignant, with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells that grow quickly. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can cause many symptoms. No one knows<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>exact causes of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors. Doctors can seldom expla<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>why one person develops a bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumor and ano<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r does not.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Understand<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>- An<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>troduction</h2>\r\n<p class=\"cpage_body\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The </span>word</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span><span>refers to changes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body’s cells that cause<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m to grow out of control.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>se cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowd</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g out normal cells and damag<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span>g entire systems of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>body.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"cpage_body\">Reliable L<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ks for Brain Cancer:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Brain+Tumor\">People Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nPeople Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>has become<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span>.net and some of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>simplest Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation can be found here. On<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>left side of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page click on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>Types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>n scroll down<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>middle of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page to Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor. <span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation written<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>English and Spanish. Some sections are updated with a date but not all sections are dated.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>formation is provided by<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>American Society of Cl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ical Oncology. Get a written diagnosis from your doctor and search on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>terms you are given.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.abta.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nAmerican Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association offers tumor and treatment publications as well as educational programs.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have good, simple<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation and a primer that is useful. Most<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation is downloadable and<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>booklet format. Site requires registration for updates and access to some material.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y do have an 800 phone number for support and additional<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Foundation</a>\r\n<div><strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong></div>\r\n<div></div>\r\n<div>This is a wonderful resource for any parent deal<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with a pediatric bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>or sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>al tumor.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>ir mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>issues fac<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g this devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g diagnosis.</div>\r\n&nbsp;','Brain Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','46-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:34:27','2013-07-10 21:34:27','',46,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/46-revision-8/',0,'revision','',0),(586,1,'2013-07-10 17:35:13','2013-07-10 21:35:13','<p class=\"ultimatesbplugin_top\"><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The</span>re are two ma<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>types of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer</span>. Primary bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Metastatic bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>starts somewhere else<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body and moves to<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can be benign, with no<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells, or malignant, with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span>cells that grow quickly. Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors can cause many symptoms. No one knows<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>exact causes of bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumors. Doctors can seldom expla<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>why one person develops a bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>tumor and ano<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the</span>r does not.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Understand<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>- An<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>troduction</h2>\r\n<p class=\"cpage_body\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">The </span>word</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> cancer </span><span>refers to changes<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>body’s cells that cause<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the</span>m to grow out of control.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>se cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowd</span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g out normal cells and damag<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span><span>g entire systems of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>body.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"cpage_body\">Reliable L<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ks for Brain Cancer:</h2>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Brain+Tumor\">People Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span></a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nPeople Liv<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>has become<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer</span>.net and some of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>simplest Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation can be found here. On<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>left side of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page click on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> Cancer </span>Types.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>n scroll down<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span><span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">the </span>middle of<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>page to Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor. <span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation written<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>English and Spanish. Some sections are updated with a date but not all sections are dated.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> In</span>formation is provided by<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>American Society of Cl<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>ical Oncology. Get a written diagnosis from your doctor and search on<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>terms you are given.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.abta.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association</a>\r\n\r\n<strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong>\r\n\r\nAmerican Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Association offers tumor and treatment publications as well as educational programs.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y have good, simple<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation and a primer that is useful. Most<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation is downloadable and<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in </span>booklet format. Site requires registration for updates and access to some material.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y do have an 800 phone number for support and additional<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> in</span>formation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cbtf.org/\">Childhood Bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>Tumor Foundation</a>\r\n<div><strong>What you can f<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>d here</strong></div>\r\n<div></div>\r\n<div>This is a wonderful resource for any parent deal<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g with a pediatric bra<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in </span>or sp<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>al tumor.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>ir mission is to raise funds for scientific research; heighten public awareness of this most devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g disease; and improve prognosis and quality of life for those that are affected.<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> The</span>y provide social and support services worldwide and help you deal with all<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\"> the </span>issues fac<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g this devastat<span id=\"dtx-highlighting-item\">in</span>g diagnosis.</div>\r\n&nbsp;','Brain Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','46-revision-v1','','','2013-07-10 17:35:13','2013-07-10 21:35:13','',46,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/10/46-revision-9/',0,'revision','',0),(587,1,'2013-08-14 15:49:16','2013-08-14 19:49:16','<strong>What is Prostate Cancer?</strong>\n\nProstate cancer forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.\n\nProstate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Prostate cancer usually grows slowly and initially remains confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. While some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly.\n\nProstate cancer that is detected early — when it’s still confined to the prostate gland — has a better chance of successful treatment.\n\nProstate cancer is a disease where some prostate cells have lost normal  control of growth and division. They no longer function as healthy  cells.\n\nA cancerous prostate cell has the following features:\n•    Uncontrolled growth\n•    Abnormal structure\n•    The ability to move to other parts of the body (invasiveness).\n\nIt is important to note that not all clusters of cells growing in a mass  are cancerous, and that a prostate with an irregular shape is not  necessarily cancerous either. It is advisable to ask your doctor what it  may be.\n<h4>Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:</h4>\nCommon signs and symptoms of prostate cancer may include:\n<ul>\n	<li>Difficulty urinating<!--?xml:namespace prefix = \"o\" /--></li>\n	<li>Urgent need to urinate</li>\n	<li>Frequent urination, especially at night</li>\n	<li>Burning or pain when urinating</li>\n	<li>Inability to urinate or difficulty starting or stopping urine flow</li>\n	<li>Painful ejaculation</li>\n	<li>Blood in the urine or semen</li>\n</ul>\nSymptoms are not always present especially in the early stages of prostate cancer.  If detected and treated in its earliest stages (when cells are only in the prostate), your chances of survival are greatly increased.\n<h4>Risk Factors for prostate cancer:</h4>\nThere is no single cause of prostate cancer. However, some factors make developing prostate cancer more likely.\n\n<strong>Age</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: The chance of getting prostate cancer rises quickly after a man reaches age 50. Age is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer. </span>\n\n<strong>Race</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Prostate cancer is more common in men of African or Caribbean descent and less common in men of Asian descent. </span>\n\n<strong>Family history</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Genetics plays a role - the risk of prostate cancer increases if close family members have had the disease.\n</span><strong></strong>\n\n<strong>Diet</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Men who eat a low-fiber, high-fat diet have a higher rate of prostate cancer. Research suggests that saturated fat (commonly found in processed foods, whole-milk dairy products and fatty cuts of meat) increases the production of the hormone testosterone, which may help prostate cancer cells grow. </span><strong></strong>\n\nLifestyle<span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Having a high Body Mass Index (BMI) may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Being physically active is a good preventative tactic, along with losing weight and eating the right foods. Consuming lycopene (found in tomatoes and tomato products), soy, green tea and cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli), among other foods and nutrients, may help to prevent prostate cancer.</span>\n\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\">It is possible to develop prostate cancer even when none of these risk factors is present.</span>\n\nThe section on prostate cancer treatment can be <a title=\"Prostate Cancer Treatment\" href=\"http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/prostate-cancer-treatment/\">found here.</a>\n<h4>Recommended reading:</h4>\nThe National Cancer Institute has a very good online booklet about prostate cancer that is easy to read and understand.  <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/prostate\">Click here</a> to open the link and read the booklet.','Prostate Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','257-autosave-v1','','','2013-08-14 15:49:16','2013-08-14 19:49:16','',257,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/257-autosave/',0,'revision','',0),(588,1,'2013-06-24 13:26:10','2013-06-24 13:26:10','','Prostate Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','257-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 13:26:10','2013-06-24 13:26:10','',257,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/257-revision-2/',0,'revision','',0),(589,1,'2013-07-11 16:37:50','2013-07-11 20:37:50','<strong>What is Prostate Cancer?</strong>\r\n\r\nProstate cancer forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Prostate cancer usually grows slowly and initially remains confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. While some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer that is detected early — when it’s still confined to the prostate gland — has a better chance of successful treatment.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer is a disease where some prostate cells have lost normal  control of growth and division. They no longer function as healthy  cells.\r\n\r\nA cancerous prostate cell has the following features:\r\n•    Uncontrolled growth\r\n•    Abnormal structure\r\n•    The ability to move to other parts of the body (invasiveness).\r\n\r\nIt is important to note that not all clusters of cells growing in a mass  are cancerous, and that a prostate with an irregular shape is not  necessarily cancerous either. It is advisable to ask your doctor what it  may be.\r\n<h4>Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:</h4>\r\nCommon signs and symptoms of prostate cancer may include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Difficulty urinating<!--?xml:namespace prefix = \"o\" /--></li>\r\n	<li>Urgent need to urinate</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent urination, especially at night</li>\r\n	<li>Burning or pain when urinating</li>\r\n	<li>Inability to urinate or difficulty starting or stopping urine flow</li>\r\n	<li>Painful ejaculation</li>\r\n	<li>Blood in the urine or semen</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSymptoms are not always present especially in the early stages of prostate cancer.  If detected and treated in its earliest stages (when cells are only in the prostate), your chances of survival are greatly increased.\r\n<h4>Risk Factors for prostate cancer:</h4>\r\nThere is no single cause of prostate cancer. However, some factors make developing prostate cancer more likely.\r\n\r\n<strong>Age</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: The chance of getting prostate cancer rises quickly after a man reaches age 50. Age is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer. </span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Race</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Prostate cancer is more common in men of African or Caribbean descent and less common in men of Asian descent. </span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Family history</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Genetics plays a role - the risk of prostate cancer increases if close family members have had the disease.\r\n</span><strong></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Diet</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Men who eat a low-fiber, high-fat diet have a higher rate of prostate cancer. Research suggests that saturated fat (commonly found in processed foods, whole-milk dairy products and fatty cuts of meat) increases the production of the hormone testosterone, which may help prostate cancer cells grow. </span><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\r\n\r\nLifestyle</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Having a high Body Mass Index (BMI) may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Being physically active is a good preventative tactic, along with losing weight and eating the right foods. Consuming lycopene (found in tomatoes and tomato products), soy, green tea and cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli), among other foods and nutrients, may help to prevent prostate cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\">It is possible to develop prostate cancer even when none of these risk factors is present.</span>\r\n<h4>Recommended reading:</h4>\r\nThe National Cancer Institute has a very good online booklet about prostate cancer that is easy to read and understand.  <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/prostate\">Click here</a> to open the link and read the booklet.','Prostate Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','257-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:37:50','2013-07-11 20:37:50','',257,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/257-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(590,1,'2013-07-11 16:46:27','2013-07-11 20:46:27','<h2>Understanding Prostate Cancer treatment options</h2>\r\nProstate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors include how fast your cancer is growing, how much the prostate cancer has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\r\n\r\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need prostate cancer treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\r\n\r\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\r\n\r\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe side effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop the body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\r\n\r\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\r\n\r\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\r\n\r\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\r\n\r\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\r\n\r\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\r\n\r\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\r\n\r\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','publish','open','open','','prostate-cancer-treatment','','','2013-10-08 19:31:37','2013-10-08 23:31:37','',0,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/?page_id=590',0,'page','',0),(591,1,'2013-07-11 16:46:12','2013-07-11 20:46:12','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors are how fast your cancer is growing, how much it has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\n\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\n\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\n\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\n\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\n</ul>\nSide effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\n\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\n\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop your body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\n</ul>\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\n\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\n\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\n\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\n</ul>\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\n\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\n\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\n\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\n\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\n\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\n\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\n\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:46:12','2013-07-11 20:46:12','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-revision/',0,'revision','',0),(592,1,'2013-07-11 16:39:00','2013-07-11 20:39:00','<strong>What is Prostate Cancer?</strong>\r\n\r\nProstate cancer forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Prostate cancer usually grows slowly and initially remains confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. While some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer that is detected early — when it’s still confined to the prostate gland — has a better chance of successful treatment.\r\n\r\nProstate cancer is a disease where some prostate cells have lost normal  control of growth and division. They no longer function as healthy  cells.\r\n\r\nA cancerous prostate cell has the following features:\r\n•    Uncontrolled growth\r\n•    Abnormal structure\r\n•    The ability to move to other parts of the body (invasiveness).\r\n\r\nIt is important to note that not all clusters of cells growing in a mass  are cancerous, and that a prostate with an irregular shape is not  necessarily cancerous either. It is advisable to ask your doctor what it  may be.\r\n<h4>Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:</h4>\r\nCommon signs and symptoms of prostate cancer may include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Difficulty urinating<!--?xml:namespace prefix = \"o\" /--></li>\r\n	<li>Urgent need to urinate</li>\r\n	<li>Frequent urination, especially at night</li>\r\n	<li>Burning or pain when urinating</li>\r\n	<li>Inability to urinate or difficulty starting or stopping urine flow</li>\r\n	<li>Painful ejaculation</li>\r\n	<li>Blood in the urine or semen</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSymptoms are not always present especially in the early stages of prostate cancer.  If detected and treated in its earliest stages (when cells are only in the prostate), your chances of survival are greatly increased.\r\n<h4>Risk Factors for prostate cancer:</h4>\r\nThere is no single cause of prostate cancer. However, some factors make developing prostate cancer more likely.\r\n\r\n<strong>Age</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: The chance of getting prostate cancer rises quickly after a man reaches age 50. Age is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer. </span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Race</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Prostate cancer is more common in men of African or Caribbean descent and less common in men of Asian descent. </span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Family history</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Genetics plays a role - the risk of prostate cancer increases if close family members have had the disease.\r\n</span><strong></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Diet</strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Men who eat a low-fiber, high-fat diet have a higher rate of prostate cancer. Research suggests that saturated fat (commonly found in processed foods, whole-milk dairy products and fatty cuts of meat) increases the production of the hormone testosterone, which may help prostate cancer cells grow. </span><strong></strong>\r\n\r\nLifestyle<span style=\"font-size: small;\">: Having a high Body Mass Index (BMI) may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Being physically active is a good preventative tactic, along with losing weight and eating the right foods. Consuming lycopene (found in tomatoes and tomato products), soy, green tea and cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli), among other foods and nutrients, may help to prevent prostate cancer.</span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: small;\">It is possible to develop prostate cancer even when none of these risk factors is present.</span>\r\n\r\nThe section on prostate cancer treatment can be found here.\r\n<h4>Recommended reading:</h4>\r\nThe National Cancer Institute has a very good online booklet about prostate cancer that is easy to read and understand.  <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/prostate\">Click here</a> to open the link and read the booklet.','Prostate Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','257-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:39:00','2013-07-11 20:39:00','',257,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/257-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(593,1,'2013-07-11 16:46:27','2013-07-11 20:46:27','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors are how fast your cancer is growing, how much it has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\r\n\r\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\r\n\r\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\r\n\r\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSide effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop your body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\r\n\r\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\r\n\r\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\r\n\r\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\r\n\r\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\r\n\r\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\r\n\r\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\r\n\r\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:46:27','2013-07-11 20:46:27','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-revision-2/',0,'revision','',0),(594,1,'2013-07-11 16:52:46','2013-07-11 20:52:46','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors include how fast your cancer is growing, how much the prostate cancer has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\n\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need prostreatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\n\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\n\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\n\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\n</ul>\nThe side effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\n\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\n\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop the body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\n</ul>\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\n\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\n\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\n\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\n<ul>\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\n</ul>\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\n\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\n\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\n\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\n\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\n\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\n\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\n\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-autosave-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:52:46','2013-07-11 20:52:46','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-autosave/',0,'revision','',0),(595,1,'2013-07-11 16:48:05','2013-07-11 20:48:05','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors are how fast your cancer is growing, how much it has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\r\n\r\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\r\n\r\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\r\n\r\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSide effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop your body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\r\n\r\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\r\n\r\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\r\n\r\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\r\n\r\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\r\n\r\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\r\n\r\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\r\n\r\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:48:05','2013-07-11 20:48:05','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-revision-3/',0,'revision','',0),(596,1,'2013-07-11 16:49:43','2013-07-11 20:49:43','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors are how fast your cancer is growing, how much it has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\r\n\r\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\r\n\r\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\r\n\r\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSide effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop your body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\r\n\r\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\r\n\r\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\r\n\r\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\r\n\r\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\r\n\r\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\r\n\r\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\r\n\r\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:49:43','2013-07-11 20:49:43','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(597,1,'2013-07-11 16:52:53','2013-07-11 20:52:53','Prostate cancer treatment options such as surgery or radiation, depend on many factors. These factors include how fast your cancer is growing, how much the prostate cancer has spread, your overall health, as well as the benefits and the potential side effects of your treatment options.\r\n\r\nFor men diagnosed with a very early stage of prostate cancer, treatment may not be necessary right away. Some men may never need prostate cancer treatment. Instead, doctors sometimes recommend watchful waiting, which is sometimes called active surveillance. In watchful waiting, regular follow-up blood tests, rectal exams and possibly biopsies may be performed to monitor progression of your cancer.\r\n\r\nIf tests show your cancer is progressing, you may opt for a prostate cancer treatment such as surgery or radiation. Watchful waiting may be an option for cancer that isn\'t causing symptoms, is expected to grow very slowly and is confined to a small area of the prostate. Watchful waiting may also be considered for a man who has another serious health condition or an advanced age that makes cancer treatment more difficult. Watchful waiting carries a risk that the cancer may grow and spread between checkups, making it less likely to be cured.\r\n\r\n<strong>Radiation therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nRadiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Prostate cancer radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation that comes from outside of your body (external beam radiation).</strong> During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around your body, directing high-powered energy beams to your prostate cancer. You typically undergo external beam radiation treatments five days a week for several weeks. Most external beam radiation uses X-rays to deliver the radiation, but doctors are studying whether using protons may reduce the risk of side effects.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Radiation placed inside your body (brachytherapy).</strong> Brachytherapy involves placing many rice-sized radioactive seeds in your prostate tissue. The radioactive seeds deliver a low dose of radiation over a long period of time. Your doctor implants the radioactive seeds in your prostate using a needle guided by ultrasound images. The implanted seeds eventually stop giving off radiation and don\'t need to be removed.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe side effects of radiation therapy can include painful urination, frequent urination and urgent urination, as well as rectal symptoms, such as loose stools or pain when passing stools. Erectile dysfunction can also occur. There is a small risk of radiation causing another form of cancer, such as bladder cancer or rectal cancer, in the future.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hormone therapy</strong>\r\n\r\nHormone therapy is treatment to stop the body from producing the male hormone testosterone. Prostate cancer cells rely on testosterone to help them grow. Cutting off the supply of hormones may cause cancer cells to die or to grow more slowly. Hormone therapy options include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that stop your body from producing testosterone.</strong> Medications known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists prevent the testicles from receiving messages to make testosterone. Drugs typically used in this type of hormone therapy include leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard), goserelin (Zoladex), triptorelin (Trelstar) and histrelin (Vantas).</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Medications that block testosterone from reaching cancer cells.</strong> Medications known as anti-androgens prevent testosterone from reaching your cancer cells. Examples include bicalutamide (Casodex), flutamide and nilutamide (Nilandron). These drugs typically are given along with an LH-RH agonist or given before taking an LH-RH agonist.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy).</strong> Removing your testicles reduces testosterone levels in your body. The effectiveness of orchiectomy in lowering testosterone levels is similar to that of hormone therapy medications, but orchiectomy may lower testosterone levels more quickly.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHormone therapy is used in men with advanced prostate cancer to shrink the cancer and slow the growth of tumors. In men with early-stage prostate cancer, hormone therapy may be used to shrink tumors before radiation therapy. This can make it more likely that radiation therapy will be successful. Hormone therapy is sometimes used after surgery or radiation therapy to slow the growth of any cancer cells left behind.\r\n\r\nSide effects of hormone therapy may include erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, loss of bone mass, reduced sex drive and weight gain. Hormone therapy also increases the risk of heart disease and heart attack.\r\n\r\n<strong>Surgery to remove the prostate</strong>\r\n\r\nSurgery for prostate cancer involves removing the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), some surrounding tissue and a few lymph nodes. Ways the radical prostatectomy procedure can be performed include:\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision in your abdomen.</strong> During retropubic surgery, the prostate gland is taken out through an incision in your lower abdomen. Compared with other types of prostate surgery, retropubic prostate surgery may carry a lower risk of nerve damage, which can lead to problems with bladder control and erections.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Making an incision between your anus and scrotum.</strong> Perineal surgery involves making an incision between your anus and scrotum in order to access your prostate. The perineal approach to surgery may allow for quicker recovery times, but this technique makes removing the nearby lymph nodes and avoiding nerve damage more difficult.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Laparoscopic prostatectomy.</strong> During a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions are made in the abdomen. The doctor inserts special surgical tools through the incisions, including a long, slender tube with a small camera on the end (laparoscope). The laparoscope sends images to a monitor in the operating room. The surgeon watches the monitor while guiding the instruments. Laparoscopic surgery may offer a shorter hospital stay and quicker recovery than traditional surgery.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Using a robot to assist with surgery.</strong> During robotic laparoscopic surgery, the instruments are attached to a mechanical device (robot). The surgeon sits at a console and uses hand controls to guide the robot to move the instruments. Using a robot during laparoscopic surgery may allow the surgeon to make more precise movements with surgical tools than is possible with traditional laparoscopic surgery.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDiscuss with your doctor which type of surgery is best for your specific situation.\r\n\r\nRadical prostatectomy carries a risk of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Ask your doctor to explain the risks you may face based on your situation, the type of procedure you select, your age, your body type and your overall health.\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing prostate tissue</strong>\r\n\r\nCryosurgery or cryoablation involves freezing tissue to kill cancer cells. During cryosurgery for prostate cancer, small needles are inserted in the prostate using ultrasound images as guidance. A very cold gas is placed in the needles, which causes the surrounding tissue to freeze. A second gas is then placed in the needles to reheat the tissue. The cycles of freezing and thawing kill the cancer cells and some surrounding healthy tissue. Initial attempts to use cryosurgery for prostate cancer resulted in high complication rates and unacceptable side effects. However, newer technologies have lowered complication rates, improved cancer control and made the procedure easier to tolerate. Cryosurgery may be an option for men who haven\'t been helped by radiation therapy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Heating prostate tissue using ultrasound</strong>\r\n\r\nHigh-intensity focused ultrasound treatment uses powerful sound waves to heat prostate tissue, causing cancer cells to die. High-intensity focused ultrasound is done by inserting a small probe in your rectum. The probe focuses ultrasound energy at precise points in your prostate. High-intensity focused ultrasound treatments are being studied in clinical trials. More study is needed to understand the benefits and risks of this treatment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Chemotherapy</strong>\r\n\r\nChemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form or both. Chemotherapy may be a treatment option for men with prostate cancer that has spread to distant areas of their bodies. Chemotherapy may also be an option for cancers that don\'t respond to hormone therapy.','Prostate Cancer Treatment','','inherit','open','open','','590-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:52:53','2013-07-11 20:52:53','',590,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/590-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(598,1,'2013-06-24 12:40:04','2013-06-24 12:40:04','Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast tissue divide and grow without the normal control. Cancerous tumors in the breast usually grow very slowly so that by the time one is large enough to be felt as a lump, it may have been growing for as long as ten years.\r\n<h2>Basic Breast Cancer Facts</h2>\r\nBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. According to the Cancer statistics, it’s estimated that 211,240 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the US in 2005, and 40,410 women will die from the disease. If you’re worried about developing breast cancer, or if you know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, one way to deal with your concerns is to get as much information as possible. Please read this info from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">FIRST</a>; you’ll be glad you did! (Scroll down and start at page 7.)\r\n\r\nAbout 80 percent of breast cancers originate in the mammary ducts, while about 20 percent arise in the lobules. (Lobules – Spherical-shaped sacs in the breast that produce milk.) Look at the reliable links section below to start your education.\r\n\r\nSAVE LIVES WITH A MAMMOGRAM!!!\r\n\r\nHelp us fund free or low cost mammograms to catch Breast Cancer in its earliest stages. Click on the donate now button above and in the comments section indicate that the funds are for mammograms. We will report on how much we receive for this special cause due to the change in direction of those PINK people.\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li> <strong>Info on <a title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"http://www.nccn.com/type-of-cancer/breast-cancer/166.html\">Inflammatory Breast Cancer</a> (IBC)</strong>Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, but deadly disease. Doctors say it is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are quite different from typical breast cancer. Please watch this informational video. It is a silent Killer!  Additionally there is a new IBC organization that has some useful info. Here is the <a href=\"http://www.eraseibc.com/ibc.html\">Link for the IBC Foundation</a>. The New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research has a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/ccr/documents/ibc_newsletter.pdf\">special research report</a> dated Spring 2008 that is also very informative despite the 2008 date.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong><strong>PARP Inhibitors\r\n</strong></strong>This recent news affects those with heriditary cancer.PARP inhibitors may be especially helpful for patients with hereditary breast cancer. People who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations are at very high risk for developing breast cancer. Healthy BRCA genes can suppress tumor formation, but mutated BRCA genes are powerless against cancer cells. PARP inhibitors may exploit the weakness inherent in cancer cells with mutated BRCA. One possible use for PARP inhibitors may be prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Perhaps PARP inhibitors will become a <em>preventative treatment</em> for high-risk women and would make prophylactic mastectomies obsolete. If a PARP inhibitor is <em>added</em> to chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer, researchers hope cancer cells that have resisted anticancer drugs will be become vulnerable to fatal DNA damage. In some cases, a PARP inhibitor may be used <em>alone</em>, rather than in conjunction with chemo and radiation. Even better news is that PARP inhibitors do not appear to affect normal, non-cancerous cells. That means fewer side effects for patients and faster recovery from treatments.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\nVital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Cancer – An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n<h2>Reliable Links and Resources</h2>\r\n<strong>National Comprehensive Cancer Network     </strong><strong><a href=\"http://www.nccn.com\">www.nccn.com</a></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Read this First!</em></strong>   <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">This link</a> is a ‘goldmine’ of great information. It is a PDF file with nearly everything you need to know about breast Cancer. It is well organized and answers the many questions that any patient would have after getting a Cancer Diagnosis. If you have been told that there may be an abnormality in your last mammogram and you need to get a diagnostic mammo, this is a great place to find info and understand the next decisions and discussions. It’s a long file (about 100 pages) but you’ll find it easy to navigate and get at the answers quickly. You’ll probably want to skip to page 7 to start reading.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>www.breastcancer.org</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many Breast Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and the site is somewhat easy to navigate once you find the best place to start. The best way to navigate the site is to start with the section labeled Symptoms and Diagnosis - then go through the information item by item until you find what you are looking for. They provide information on treatment, support groups, current research and some very basic terms and descriptions. Some of the online booklets can also be quite helpful.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Treatment_by_Stage_Breast_Cancer_5.asp?rnav=cri\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Breast Cancer Treatment by Stage</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many general Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and dated. There is a very high level overview of each stage. The site requires you to click on many links to get at specific data.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>CDC (Centers for Disease Control)</strong> has reliable information to get you started with your understanding of treatment options for Breast Cancer. <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm\">Click here</a> for a link.\r\n\r\nAlso on this site is a very useful link to the National Cancer Institutes Treatment Option Overview. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5/\">Click here</a> to go directly to the page.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm\">Breast Cancer Symptoms</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping\">General Information in Coping with Cancer</a>','Breast Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','47-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 12:40:04','2013-06-24 12:40:04','',47,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/47-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),(601,1,'2013-07-11 17:00:50','2013-07-11 21:00:50','Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast tissue divide and grow without the normal control. Cancerous tumors in the breast usually grow very slowly so that by the time one is large enough to be felt as a lump, it may have been growing for as long as ten years.\r\n<h2>Basic Breast Cancer Facts</h2>\r\nBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. According to the Cancer statistics, it’s estimated that 211,240 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the US in 2005, and 40,410 women will die from the disease. If you’re worried about developing breast cancer, or if you know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, one way to deal with your concerns is to get as much information as possible.\r\n\r\nPlease read some of the booklet from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">FIRST</a>;  you’ll be glad you did! (Scroll through it and start at page 7.)\r\n\r\nAbout 80 percent of breast cancers originate in the mammary ducts, while about 20 percent arise in the lobules. (Lobules – Spherical-shaped sacs in the breast that produce milk.) Look at the reliable links section below to start your education.\r\n\r\nSAVE LIVES WITH A MAMMOGRAM!!!\r\n\r\nHelp us fund free or low cost mammograms to catch Breast Cancer in its earliest stages. Click on the donate now button above and in the comments section indicate that the funds are for mammograms.\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li> <strong>Info on <a title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"http://www.nccn.com/type-of-cancer/breast-cancer/166.html\">Inflammatory Breast Cancer</a> (IBC) </strong>Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, but deadly disease. Doctors say it is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are quite different from typical breast cancer. Please watch this informational video. It is a silent Killer!  Additionally there is a new IBC organization that has some useful info. Here is the <a href=\"http://www.eraseibc.com/ibc.html\">Link for the IBC Foundation</a>. The New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research has a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/ccr/documents/ibc_newsletter.pdf\">special research report</a> dated Spring 2008 that is also very informative despite the 2008 date.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong><strong>PARP Inhibitors\r\n</strong></strong>This recent news affects those with heriditary cancer.PARP inhibitors may be especially helpful for patients with hereditary breast cancer. People who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations are at very high risk for developing breast cancer. Healthy BRCA genes can suppress tumor formation, but mutated BRCA genes are powerless against cancer cells. PARP inhibitors may exploit the weakness inherent in cancer cells with mutated BRCA. One possible use for PARP inhibitors may be prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Perhaps PARP inhibitors will become a <em>preventative treatment</em> for high-risk women and would make prophylactic mastectomies obsolete. If a PARP inhibitor is <em>added</em> to chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer, researchers hope cancer cells that have resisted anticancer drugs will be become vulnerable to fatal DNA damage. In some cases, a PARP inhibitor may be used <em>alone</em>, rather than in conjunction with chemo and radiation. Even better news is that PARP inhibitors do not appear to affect normal, non-cancerous cells. That means fewer side effects for patients and faster recovery from treatments.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\nVital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Cancer – An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n<h2>Reliable Links and Resources</h2>\r\n<strong>National Comprehensive Cancer Network     </strong><strong><a href=\"http://www.nccn.com\">www.nccn.com</a></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Read this First!</em></strong>   <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">This link</a> is a ‘goldmine’ of great information. It is a PDF file with nearly everything you need to know about breast Cancer. It is well organized and answers the many questions that any patient would have after getting a Cancer Diagnosis. If you have been told that there may be an abnormality in your last mammogram and you need to get a diagnostic mammo, this is a great place to find info and understand the next decisions and discussions. It’s a long file (about 100 pages) but you’ll find it easy to navigate and get at the answers quickly. You’ll probably want to skip to page 7 to start reading.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>www.breastcancer.org</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many Breast Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and the site is somewhat easy to navigate once you find the best place to start. The best way to navigate the site is to start with the section labeled Symptoms and Diagnosis - then go through the information item by item until you find what you are looking for. They provide information on treatment, support groups, current research and some very basic terms and descriptions. Some of the online booklets can also be quite helpful.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Treatment_by_Stage_Breast_Cancer_5.asp?rnav=cri\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Breast Cancer Treatment by Stage</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many general Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and dated. There is a very high level overview of each stage. The site requires you to click on many links to get at specific data.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>CDC (Centers for Disease Control)</strong> has reliable information to get you started with your understanding of treatment options for Breast Cancer. <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm\">Click here</a> for a link.\r\n\r\nAlso on this site is a very useful link to the National Cancer Institutes Treatment Option Overview. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5/\">Click here</a> to go directly to the page.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm\">Breast Cancer Symptoms</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping\">General Information in Coping with Cancer</a>','Breast Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','47-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 17:00:50','2013-07-11 21:00:50','',47,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/47-revision-7/',0,'revision','',0),(599,1,'2013-07-11 16:56:57','2013-07-11 20:56:57','Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast tissue divide and grow without the normal control. Cancerous tumors in the breast usually grow very slowly so that by the time one is large enough to be felt as a lump, it may have been growing for as long as ten years.\r\n<h2>Basic Breast Cancer Facts</h2>\r\nBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. According to the Cancer statistics, it’s estimated that 211,240 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the US in 2005, and 40,410 women will die from the disease. If you’re worried about developing breast cancer, or if you know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, one way to deal with your concerns is to get as much information as possible. Please read this info from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">FIRST</a>;  you’ll be glad you did! (Scroll down and start at page 7.)\r\n\r\nAbout 80 percent of breast cancers originate in the mammary ducts, while about 20 percent arise in the lobules. (Lobules – Spherical-shaped sacs in the breast that produce milk.) Look at the reliable links section below to start your education.\r\n\r\nSAVE LIVES WITH A MAMMOGRAM!!!\r\n\r\nHelp us fund free or low cost mammograms to catch Breast Cancer in its earliest stages. Click on the donate now button above and in the comments section indicate that the funds are for mammograms. We will report on how much we receive for this special cause due to the change in direction of those PINK people.\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li> <strong>Info on <a title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"http://www.nccn.com/type-of-cancer/breast-cancer/166.html\">Inflammatory Breast Cancer</a> (IBC)</strong>Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, but deadly disease. Doctors say it is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are quite different from typical breast cancer. Please watch this informational video. It is a silent Killer!  Additionally there is a new IBC organization that has some useful info. Here is the <a href=\"http://www.eraseibc.com/ibc.html\">Link for the IBC Foundation</a>. The New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research has a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/ccr/documents/ibc_newsletter.pdf\">special research report</a> dated Spring 2008 that is also very informative despite the 2008 date.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong><strong>PARP Inhibitors\r\n</strong></strong>This recent news affects those with heriditary cancer.PARP inhibitors may be especially helpful for patients with hereditary breast cancer. People who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations are at very high risk for developing breast cancer. Healthy BRCA genes can suppress tumor formation, but mutated BRCA genes are powerless against cancer cells. PARP inhibitors may exploit the weakness inherent in cancer cells with mutated BRCA. One possible use for PARP inhibitors may be prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Perhaps PARP inhibitors will become a <em>preventative treatment</em> for high-risk women and would make prophylactic mastectomies obsolete. If a PARP inhibitor is <em>added</em> to chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer, researchers hope cancer cells that have resisted anticancer drugs will be become vulnerable to fatal DNA damage. In some cases, a PARP inhibitor may be used <em>alone</em>, rather than in conjunction with chemo and radiation. Even better news is that PARP inhibitors do not appear to affect normal, non-cancerous cells. That means fewer side effects for patients and faster recovery from treatments.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\nVital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Cancer – An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n<h2>Reliable Links and Resources</h2>\r\n<strong>National Comprehensive Cancer Network     </strong><strong><a href=\"http://www.nccn.com\">www.nccn.com</a></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Read this First!</em></strong>   <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">This link</a> is a ‘goldmine’ of great information. It is a PDF file with nearly everything you need to know about breast Cancer. It is well organized and answers the many questions that any patient would have after getting a Cancer Diagnosis. If you have been told that there may be an abnormality in your last mammogram and you need to get a diagnostic mammo, this is a great place to find info and understand the next decisions and discussions. It’s a long file (about 100 pages) but you’ll find it easy to navigate and get at the answers quickly. You’ll probably want to skip to page 7 to start reading.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>www.breastcancer.org</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many Breast Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and the site is somewhat easy to navigate once you find the best place to start. The best way to navigate the site is to start with the section labeled Symptoms and Diagnosis - then go through the information item by item until you find what you are looking for. They provide information on treatment, support groups, current research and some very basic terms and descriptions. Some of the online booklets can also be quite helpful.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Treatment_by_Stage_Breast_Cancer_5.asp?rnav=cri\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Breast Cancer Treatment by Stage</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many general Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and dated. There is a very high level overview of each stage. The site requires you to click on many links to get at specific data.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>CDC (Centers for Disease Control)</strong> has reliable information to get you started with your understanding of treatment options for Breast Cancer. <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm\">Click here</a> for a link.\r\n\r\nAlso on this site is a very useful link to the National Cancer Institutes Treatment Option Overview. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5/\">Click here</a> to go directly to the page.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm\">Breast Cancer Symptoms</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping\">General Information in Coping with Cancer</a>','Breast Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','47-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:56:57','2013-07-11 20:56:57','',47,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/47-revision-5/',0,'revision','',0),(600,1,'2013-07-11 16:59:05','2013-07-11 20:59:05','Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast tissue divide and grow without the normal control. Cancerous tumors in the breast usually grow very slowly so that by the time one is large enough to be felt as a lump, it may have been growing for as long as ten years.\r\n<h2>Basic Breast Cancer Facts</h2>\r\nBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. According to the Cancer statistics, it’s estimated that 211,240 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the US in 2005, and 40,410 women will die from the disease. If you’re worried about developing breast cancer, or if you know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, one way to deal with your concerns is to get as much information as possible.\r\n\r\nPlease read some of the booklet from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">FIRST</a>;  you’ll be glad you did! (Scroll through it and start at page 7.)\r\n\r\nAbout 80 percent of breast cancers originate in the mammary ducts, while about 20 percent arise in the lobules. (Lobules – Spherical-shaped sacs in the breast that produce milk.) Look at the reliable links section below to start your education.\r\n\r\nSAVE LIVES WITH A MAMMOGRAM!!!\r\n\r\nHelp us fund free or low cost mammograms to catch Breast Cancer in its earliest stages. Click on the donate now button above and in the comments section indicate that the funds are for mammograms. We will report on how much we receive for this special cause due to the change in direction of those PINK people.\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li> <strong>Info on <a title=\"Powered by Text-Enhance\" href=\"http://www.nccn.com/type-of-cancer/breast-cancer/166.html\">Inflammatory Breast Cancer</a> (IBC)</strong>Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, but deadly disease. Doctors say it is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are quite different from typical breast cancer. Please watch this informational video. It is a silent Killer!  Additionally there is a new IBC organization that has some useful info. Here is the <a href=\"http://www.eraseibc.com/ibc.html\">Link for the IBC Foundation</a>. The New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research has a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/ccr/documents/ibc_newsletter.pdf\">special research report</a> dated Spring 2008 that is also very informative despite the 2008 date.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li><strong><strong>PARP Inhibitors\r\n</strong></strong>This recent news affects those with heriditary cancer.PARP inhibitors may be especially helpful for patients with hereditary breast cancer. People who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations are at very high risk for developing breast cancer. Healthy BRCA genes can suppress tumor formation, but mutated BRCA genes are powerless against cancer cells. PARP inhibitors may exploit the weakness inherent in cancer cells with mutated BRCA. One possible use for PARP inhibitors may be prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Perhaps PARP inhibitors will become a <em>preventative treatment</em> for high-risk women and would make prophylactic mastectomies obsolete. If a PARP inhibitor is <em>added</em> to chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer, researchers hope cancer cells that have resisted anticancer drugs will be become vulnerable to fatal DNA damage. In some cases, a PARP inhibitor may be used <em>alone</em>, rather than in conjunction with chemo and radiation. Even better news is that PARP inhibitors do not appear to affect normal, non-cancerous cells. That means fewer side effects for patients and faster recovery from treatments.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2>Newly Diagnosed? Start your education here.</h2>\r\nVital to helping you understand your condition and manage your care is keeping track of important phone numbers, treatment history, side effects, and laboratory results, such as your complete blood count (CBC). Use these tools to help organize this information so you can be an active participant in your cancer care. Keep them handy for use at home and bring them along to your doctor visits and other medical appointments.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>Important Contacts</li>\r\n	<li>Health and treatment history</li>\r\n	<li>Copies of reports – Blood tests, Pathology reports, etc</li>\r\n	<li>Calendar</li>\r\n	<li>Progress</li>\r\n	<li>Questions</li>\r\n	<li>Insurance</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Understanding Cancer – An Introduction</h2>\r\nThe word cancer refers to changes in the body’s cells that cause them to grow out of control. These cells can grow very fast and spread, eventually crowding out normal cells and damaging entire systems of the body.\r\n<h2>Reliable Links and Resources</h2>\r\n<strong>National Comprehensive Cancer Network     </strong><strong><a href=\"http://www.nccn.com\">www.nccn.com</a></strong>\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Read this First!</em></strong>   <a href=\"http://www.nccn.com/images/patient-guidelines/pdf/breast.pdf\">This link</a> is a ‘goldmine’ of great information. It is a PDF file with nearly everything you need to know about breast Cancer. It is well organized and answers the many questions that any patient would have after getting a Cancer Diagnosis. If you have been told that there may be an abnormality in your last mammogram and you need to get a diagnostic mammo, this is a great place to find info and understand the next decisions and discussions. It’s a long file (about 100 pages) but you’ll find it easy to navigate and get at the answers quickly. You’ll probably want to skip to page 7 to start reading.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>www.breastcancer.org</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many Breast Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and the site is somewhat easy to navigate once you find the best place to start. The best way to navigate the site is to start with the section labeled Symptoms and Diagnosis - then go through the information item by item until you find what you are looking for. They provide information on treatment, support groups, current research and some very basic terms and descriptions. Some of the online booklets can also be quite helpful.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_Treatment_by_Stage_Breast_Cancer_5.asp?rnav=cri\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Breast Cancer Treatment by Stage</strong></a>\r\n\r\n<em>What you can find here:</em>\r\n\r\nOne of the many general Cancer information sites. Information is updated regularly and dated. There is a very high level overview of each stage. The site requires you to click on many links to get at specific data.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>CDC (Centers for Disease Control)</strong> has reliable information to get you started with your understanding of treatment options for Breast Cancer. <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm\">Click here</a> for a link.\r\n\r\nAlso on this site is a very useful link to the National Cancer Institutes Treatment Option Overview. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5/\">Click here</a> to go directly to the page.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm\">Breast Cancer Symptoms</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping\">General Information in Coping with Cancer</a>','Breast Cancer','','inherit','open','open','','47-revision-v1','','','2013-07-11 16:59:05','2013-07-11 20:59:05','',47,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/07/11/47-revision-6/',0,'revision','',0),(602,1,'2013-06-24 12:41:33','2013-06-24 12:41:33','<h2>What is Radiation?</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Radiation is a form of energy that is present all around us.</li>\r\n	<li>Different types of radiation exist, some of which have more energy than others.</li>\r\n	<li>Amounts of radiation released into the environment are measured in units called <strong>curies</strong>. However, the dose of radiation that a person receives is measured in units called <strong>rem</strong>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nRadioactive contamination and radiation exposure could occur if radioactive materials are released into the environment as the result of an accident, an event in nature, or an act of terrorism. Such a release could expose people and contaminate their surroundings and personal property. A <strong>radiation dose chart</strong> that shows the safe levels a body can handle is linked <a href=\"http://xkcd.com/radiation/\">HERE</a>. It explains that a person can safely absorb small amounts at a time; from eating a banana (YES) to an x-ray to an airplane ride. Check out this interesting chart.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/\"><strong>Here</strong></a><strong> is a link to the Center for Disease Control</strong>. This information can be read/viewed in a variety of languages. It explains how radiation can effect us.\r\n\r\n<strong>Protecting yourself and your family</strong>. Click <a href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/protectyourself.asp\">Here</a>\r\n\r\nInfo on <a href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asp\">Potassium Iodide</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.remm.nlm.gov/nuclearaccident.htm\">Nuclear Reactor Accidents</a>. Read the section labeled <a href=\"http://www.remm.nlm.gov/nuclearaccident.htm#about\">About Nuclear Reactor Accidents</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/understand/\">Types of Radiation</a> (info from USA Environment Protection Agency)\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Ionizing is high-frequency radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron from (ionize) an atom or molecule. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to damage the DNA in cells, which in turn <em><strong>may</strong></em> lead to <strong>cancer</strong>. Gamma rays, x-rays, some high-energy UV rays, and some sub-atomic particles such as alpha particles and protons are forms of ionizing radiation.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Non-Ionizing is low-frequency radiation that does not have enough energy to remove electrons or directly damage DNA. Low-energy UV rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves are all forms of non-ionizing radiation. Aside from UV rays, these types of radiation are <em><strong>not known</strong></em> to increase<strong>cancer</strong> risk. It is important to understand the difference between these types of radiation. For example, the non-ionizing radiation given off by a cell phone or a television screen is not the same as the ionizing radiation you might get from x-rays taken in the hospital.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAdditional information obtained from the CDC website and condensed.\r\n<h2>Radioactive Contamination and Radiation Exposure</h2>\r\nRadioactive contamination and radiation exposure could occur if radioactive materials are released into the environment as the result of an accident, an event in nature, or an act of terrorism. Such a release could expose people and contaminate their surroundings and personal property.\r\n<h2>What Radioactive Contamination Is</h2>\r\nRadioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated. A contaminated person has radioactive materials on or inside their body.\r\n<h2>What External Contamination Is</h2>\r\nExternal contamination occurs when radioactive material, in the form of dust, powder, or liquid, comes into contact with a person’s skin, hair, or clothing. In other words, the contact is external to a person’s body. People who are externally contaminated can become internally contaminated if radioactive material gets into their bodies.\r\n<h2>What Internal Contamination Is</h2>\r\nInternal contamination occurs when people swallow or breathe in radioactive materials, or when radioactive materials enter the body through an open wound or are absorbed through the skin. Some types of radioactive materials stay in the body and are deposited in different body organs. Other types are eliminated from the body in blood, sweat, urine, and feces.\r\n<h2>What Radiation Exposure Is</h2>\r\nRadioactive materials give off a form of energy that travels in waves or particles. This energy is called radiation. When a person is exposed to radiation, the energy penetrates the body. For example, when a person has an x-ray, he or she is exposed to radiation.\r\n<h2>How Radioactive Contamination Is Spread</h2>\r\nPeople who are externally contaminated with radioactive material can contaminate other people or surfaces that they touch. For example, people who have radioactive dust on their clothing may spread the radioactive dust when they sit in chairs or hug other people.\r\n\r\nPeople who are internally contaminated can expose people near them to radiation from the radioactive material inside their bodies. The body fluids (blood, sweat, urine) of an internally contaminated person can contain radioactive materials. Coming in contact with these body fluids can result in contamination and/or exposure.\r\n<h2>How You Can Limit Contamination</h2>\r\nSince radiation cannot be seen, smelled, felt, or tasted, people at the site of an incident will not know whether radioactive materials were involved. You can take the following steps to limit your contamination.\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li><strong>Get out of the immediate area quickly.</strong> Go inside the nearest safe building or to an area to which you are directed by law enforcement or health officials.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Remove the outer layer of your clothing. </strong>If radioactive material is on your clothes, getting it away from you will reduce the external contamination and decrease the risk of internal contamination. It will also reduce the length of time that you are exposed to radiation.</li>\r\n	<li>If possible, <strong>place the clothing in a plastic bag or leave it in an out-of-the-way area</strong>, such as the corner of a room. Keep people away from it to reduce their exposure to radiation. Keep cuts and abrasions covered when handling contaminated items to avoid getting radioactive material in them.</li>\r\n	<li><strong>Wash all of the exposed parts of your body</strong> using lots of soap and lukewarm water to remove contamination. This process is called <strong>decontamination</strong>. Try to avoid spreading contamination to parts of the body that may not be contaminated, such as areas that were clothed.</li>\r\n	<li>After authorities determine that <strong>internal contamination may have occurred</strong>, you may be able to take medication to reduce the radioactive material in your body.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2>Prenatal Radiation Exposure</h2>\r\nPregnant women should consult with their physicians if they have any concern about radiation exposure to their fetus.\r\n\r\nThe exposure of a fetus to radiation is referred to as prenatal radiation exposure. This can occur when the mother’s abdomen is exposed to radiation from outside her body. Also, a pregnant woman who accidentally swallows or breathes in radioactive materials may absorb that substance into her bloodstream. From the mother’s blood, radioactive materials may pass through the umbilical cord to the baby or concentrate in areas of the mother’s body near the womb (such as the urinary bladder) and expose the fetus to radiation.','Cancer & Radiation','','inherit','open','open','','21-revision-v1','','','2013-06-24 12:41:33','2013-06-24 12:41:33','',21,'http://www.bzanet.com/client_area/american_cancer_fund/build/2013/06/24/21-revision-4/',0,'revision','',0),